Islam, Christianity And Buddhism In The Post Classical Era Essay

Islam, Christianity And Buddhism In The Post Classical Era - Essay Example By confusion, it is meant that there was no particular ruling force and everything was haphazard taking on its own directions. To sum it up, The Roman Empire, Gupta Empire of India and Han Dynasty of China had been overthrown. This meant that the large populations that these Empires ruled over were left without a leader, direction as well as discipline. This further more led to the instability of political and economic conditions of the region. Hence this period specifically highlights the changes and innovations that were made in order to overcome this chaotic situation. A major part of these changes was the spread of three major religions, namely: Islam, Christianity and Buddhism. (2012-2013 APWH Unit 3: The Post Classical Age - Howard's History 2013) When these typical classical and royal Empires fell, the only way out of it was an automatic power to take over. And this automatic power was taken over by the religions of those times. As mentioned above, these three religions are am ongst the most commonly practiced religions of today’s times. ... Now that we are focusing on Islam and the changes that it brought in Arabia especially, because this is where the basic advent of Islam started. Before the post classical era, Arabia was a place of great hospitality but little rules and peace. Arabs were always caught up in some war or battle; they were unsophisticated and would spend a larger portion of their life by taking revenges. Clans were the way of living, loyalty to one’s clan was considered to be of great importance and disloyalty meant nothing but straight away. 3 Moreover, Arabs by profession were traders. However, there was a distinct difference in classes, there was an elite class and then there was the labor class. To put it in small, easy words, Arabia was in a total disarray and required revolution in order to set things right. And obviously, this revolution was brought when Islam came into being with the birth of Muhammad, who claimed to be the last prophet of Allah. Islam brought it with it a complete packag e of life; it was a religion of peace and prosperity. It provided rights to everyone, from elites, to slaves and animals even. The status of women was affected greatly when Islam came into the picture. Previously, women had little or no rights but after Islam came their way, this was one of the many things that changed. (KschlegelApwHP2 - The First Global Civilization The Rise and Spread of Islam 2013) After the death of Muhammad, Islam had become quite popular in Arabia itself. People had started accepting Islam due to its message of equality and sense of balance between everything. It eradicated every such bad thing that could harm the human race in any way. Islam is a religion of peace and it gave rights to

The Difference between Traditional and New Law Enforcement Strategies Essay Example for Free

The Difference between Traditional and New Law Enforcement Strategies Essay Professor Maia Jefferson The law enforcement community plays an important role in our day-to-day lives. They are not only tasked with enforcing the laws, but they are also tasked with helping out the community in various ways. What happens when the traditional model of law enforcement is changed? Will there be any resistance from certain divisions of the police force? What will be the major factor for the success of a new program, if implemented? Under the traditional law enforcement model, officers are tasked with responsibilities such as patrolling the streets and reporting broken sidewalks, potholes, street, and traffic lights that need to be replaced. Under the new program called â€Å"Employing Creative Closure Strategies,† patrolling officers work with sergeants and lieutenants to review crime data and come up with the best solution to problems. In doing this, it allows officers to display their expertise in areas such as criminal investigation, traffic enforcement, drug suppression, and routine patrol. With any organization, change is going to come with resistance. Some of the major resistance would most likely come from senior members of the force. These members that have been around for awhile have probably seen many leaders want to â€Å"make their mark† by implementing their own ideas. These skeptics have probably accepted the idea that certain divisions are specialized in the area of expertise and that changing the way that they operate would disrupt the tempo of the force. However, most people agree that change is a good thing and can lead to improvement within the police force. The new changes would no doubt endure opposition on some levels, but there would also be many who would support them. The supporters would most likely be the officers that are directly affected by the changes. By allowing patrolling officers to work directly with investigators, the police officers would feel more important and more connected with the community. Moreover, the actual responsibility of investigations will be shared among the patrolling officers and the investigation team. The collaboration of these two units will not only save time, but also money. The success rate for the â€Å"Employing Creative Closure Strategies† program has been proven more effective than the traditional patrolling methods. The change held individual officers accountable for investigating and resolving crimes in their patrol area, which played a major role in their success. (Johnson, 1997) Productivity and case closure rates began to rise, proving that the patrol officers were capable of assuming more responsibility. After 14 months, the number of cases that were solved increased dramatically. The new program â€Å"Employing Creative Closure Strategies† has proven to be a step towards improving the way law enforcement patrols. With any change comes disbelievers, yet there is always room for improvement. The ultimate goal of law enforcement is to protect the community and its citizens. By implementing the new system, there will be an increased level of security and an opportunity for police officers to learn from each other by taking on more responsibility. Bibliography Johnson, R. A. (1997, November). Integrated Patrol: Combining Aggressive Enforcement and Community Policing. Retrieved from Federal Bureau of Investigation web site: www. fbi. gov

Time Travel Paradoxes in A Connecticut Yankee... :: essays research papers fc

Time Travel Paradoxes in Conneticut Yankee   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mark Twain’s Conneticut Yankee in King Arthurs Court is a book about time travel. It was written 1989 which was before science as we now know it, which tells us that time travel is not possible because of paradoxes. This is still a good book that has many good things to say about America versus England, proving that the American way is superior.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  America in the day, had just won it’s independence and was trying to establish it’s own identity from England. Mark Twain, whose real name was Samuel Clemens, created the first science fiction novel with Mark Twain’s Conneticut Yankee in King Arthurs Court. In the story a man from the present goes back in time after being hit on the head by a crow bar. He wakes up and is captured by Sir Kay, the Seneschal (Negri, 11). After an eclipse, the man becomes the court’s great magician and blows up Merlin’s castle. He uses modern inventions like the telephone and telegraph and teaches people to read the newspaper he puts out. When a lady comes to the court to get help against the ogres who had captured her and her sister’s, the Boss as the man is now called rides off with her to Britain save them all. After going to Morgan le Fay’s castle and rescuing her prisoners, they find the ogres were swineherds and the princesses wer e really pigs after all. Which is symbolic of the illusion that is society (Negri, 104-105).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the problems with the book is that Mark Twain uses modern-day technology in King Arthur’s time. If this was the case that technology would be around more today. At the end of the book the only evidence of that technology was a bullet hole in a suit of armor that the Boss put in him self (Negri, 268).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Even though over a thousand years had past, you would think some of the machines and forges the Boss left behind would still be there and found by scientists. The Boss creates bullets and guns and those would win battles against the swords and spears of the knights of the time. I know I would rather have a gun then a sword and think the knights would also want guns. With this kind of weapons, the English Knights would be invincible every time and conquer the world. Yet they didn’t keep the weapons.

Ethics & people Essay

The question of ethics is particularly important for a person who is both part of society and works with a group. The development of community and collective self is impossible without the struggle of opposing ideas and positions, and the collision of different points of views and opinions through which it is possible to overcome contradictions and disagreements. The relationship within a team works in a â€Å"mirror-system† where members can see their behavior reflected in their interaction with other people. An example of this can be seen when group members introduce themselves to each other. Usually, group members gauge how they will act depending on how the first person introducing will make them feel. If they feel comfortable with the personality of that person, they will also act naturally. However, if they feel threatened or intimidated, they will also exhibit signs of such. Understanding this particular group dynamic is important in maintaining relationships in the workplace. Once members understand this, they start to create their own group values/culture of which good ethics is a foundation. The presence of group ethics and values can lead to the success of a group especially in diffusing conflicts to maintain decorum and maintain work ethic (Green 2006). I want to point out an experience I had in which I acted unethically within a group. This instance happened last semester when I took a class in Entrepreneurship and got into an argument with a groupmate while planning for a project entitled â€Å"Blue Ocean Strategy†. I was trying to convince him that my side was right. I was on the verge of tears that I raised my voice and walked out on him, slamming the door as I left. In retrospect, I realized that I reacted unethically to the situation. Since I was part of a team, my actions disrupted the group and affected our work ethic. But what was I to do? Keep quiet even though I had a good suggestion for the group? Let my idea be discarded without me fighting for it? I have tried to justify my actions as a way for me to assert myself, to make my groupmate realize that I was trying to contribute to the group. This, however, did not change the fact that my outburst affected my group’s opinion of me. Now I understand that to act ethically is to act calmly in resolving conflicts. In defending my ideas, I have to be careful to exude confidence calmly and not arrogantly. Being aggressive and arrogant creates a negative feeling within the group. It is also important to choose words carefully when dragged into a conflict. It is even better if I keep my silence even if my groupmate is goading me. I should calm myself and wait for my partner to calm down too before we try and solve the problem. The Chinese philosopher Sun Tzu in his book The Art of War shared that it is best to win without fighting (Tzu 1). Thus, the real winner of any conflict is the one who is able to prevent it from the start. It is an important exercise to weigh factors first before getting into a conflict. â€Å"What have I got to gain? To lose? †, â€Å"Will these actions lead to a solution for the group or for myself? † These are the questions that I will ask myself before I confront any one, not just members of my group. Conflicts will always arise whenever people get together. What is important is how the group will move together to resolve such issues. Even though groups move in different contexts, whether political, social, industrial or domestic, the strategies to conflict management are grounded on one, same idea. We should always act and behave ethically and not let emotions seize our actions. Works Cited Green, Daryl. Understanding Group and Personal Ethics. Nu Leadership Series. 2006. EzineArticles. com. Web. 21 July 2010. http://ezinearticles. com/? Understanding- Group- and-Personal-Ethics—Nu-Leadership-Series&id=419973 Tzu, Sun. The Art of War. Trans. Shawn Conners and Lionel Giles. Texas: el Paso Norte

Empowerment of Women in India Essay

WHAT IS WOMEN EMPOWERMENT? In the simplest of words it is basically the creation of an environment where women can make independent decisions on their personal development as well as shine as equals in society. Women want to be treated as equals so much so that if a woman rises to the top of her field it should be a commonplace occurrence that draws nothing more than a raised eyebrow at the gender. This can only happen if there is a channelized route for the empowerment of women. Thus it is no real surprise that women empowerment in India is a hotly discussed topic with no real solution looming in the horizon except to doubly redouble our efforts and continue to target the sources of all the violence and ill-will towards women. CHALLENGES There are several challenges that are currently plaguing the issues of women’s rights in India. A few of these challenges are presented below. While a lot of these are redundant and quite basic issues faced across the country, these are contributory causes to the overarching status of women in India. Targeting these issues will directly benefit the empowerment of women in India. EDUCATION While the country has grown from leaps and bounds since its independence where education is concerned, the gap between women and men is severe. While 82.14% of adult men are educated, only 65.46% of adult women are known to be literate in India. Not only is an illiterate women at the mercy of her husband or father, she also does not know that this is not the way of life for women across the world. Additionally, the norms of culture that state that the man of the family is the be-all and end-all of family decisions is slowly spoiling the society of the country. Women Empowerment in India Data Source: Census of India 2011 As said in a study conducted by the Centre for the Study of Society and Secularism, In spite of the UN Charter of Human Rights and the provisions of the Indian Constitution, women continue to be victims of exploitation. The view that the future generation of a family is carried on and preserved by boys-only has degraded the position of women in society. Similarly, it is noticed that majority of the women are lacking in the spirit of rebellion. If careful attention is not paid and major steps are not taken, the situation will become extremely critical. Eradicating this gap and educating women about their real place in the world is a step that will largely set this entire movement rolling down the hill to crash and break the wall of intolerance, negligence and exploitation. ACTIONS TAKEN TO EMPOWER WOMEN MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOAL The United Nations Development Programme constituted eight Millennium Development Goals (MDG) for ensuring equity and peace across the world. The third MDG is directly related to the empowerment of women in India. The MDGs are agreed-upon goals to reduce certain indicators of disparity across the world by the year 2015. The third MDG is centred towards promoting gender equality and empowering women: â€Å"Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education, preferably by 2005, and in all levels of education by no later than 2015† While India’s progress in this front has been brave, there are quite a few corners that it needs to cut before it can be called as being truly revolutionary in its quest for understanding what is women empowerment. As UNDP says:- India missed the 2005 deadline of eliminating gender disparity in primary and secondary education. However, the country has hastened progress and the Gender Parity Index (GPI) for Gross Enrolment Ratios (GER) in primary and secondary education has risen. Given current trends, India is moderately or almost nearly on track. However, as the Government of India MDG Report 2009 notes, â€Å"participation of women in employment and decision-making remains far less than that of men, and the disparity is not likely to be eliminated by 2015.† Achieving GPI in tertiary education also remains a challenge. In addition, the labour market openness to women in industry and services has only marginally increased from 13-18 percent between 1990-91 and 2004-05. MINISTRY FOR WOMEN & CHILD DEVELOPMENT The Ministry for Women & Child Development was established as a department of the Ministry of Human Resource Development in the year 1985 to drive the holistic development of women and children in the country. In 2006 this department was given the status of a Ministry, with the powers to:- Formulate plans, policies and programmes; enacts/ amends legislation, guiding and coordinating the efforts of both governmental and non-governmental organisations working in the field of Women and Child Development. It delivers such initiatives such as the Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) which is a package of services such as supplementary nutrition, health check-ups and immunisation. As mentioned earlier, the empowerment of women begins with their safety and health and this Ministry is committed to providing them. National Commission for Women The National Commission for Women is a Department within the Ministry of Women and Child Development. It was set up exclusively to help women via the Constitution – by reviewing Legal and Constitutional safeguards for women, recommending remedial legislative measures, by facilitating quick redressal of grievances and by advising the Government of India on all policy matters affecting women. The website allows for online submission of complaints and fast redressal exclusively for women. Additionally it is also a good resource of information for women and the Commission is committed to helping out women in need.

The effects of media violence on children essays

The effects of media violence on children essays THE EFFECTS OF MEDIA VIOLNCE ON CHILDREN On April 20 1999 two boys by the names of Dylan Klebold and Eric Harris walked into their High school in the little town of Colombine Colorado and opened fire on their fellow classmates.Some say it was the parents others say just pure teen adolescence, I say it was the media. In the 1950's Television was first introduced to America, only ten percent of the families owned a one television in their home, by 1960 that number increased to a mere 90% of the people owning a TV, but now a whopping 99% of homes in our country own a TV. 54% of chidren have one in their own Television has become so much of a part of are existense that it is virtually impossible to imagine life without it. We all love TV. We can't help ourselves. But the question is what is TV doing to us?, and how much is too much? Children begin to react to television at a very early age, studies show that by the age of three, 95% of children will imitate someone on TV as they would a real live person, and children between the ages of six and ten believe that most of what they see on television is true life. Children learn more about life through the media than any other matter. It is said that the average child, from the ages of three to twelve will watch a minimum of 28 hours of TV a week, meaning children spend more time in front of the so called "Boob Tube" then they do in the classroom. This makes them very vulnerable to the effects that television causes. The average child will witness over 200,000 thousand acts of violence on television including 16,000 acts of murder in his lifetime. Violence in the media leads many children to become very aggressive, by watching aggresson how to become aggressive, and they also bel ...

Compare and contrast two approaches to the study of prejudice Essay Example

Compare and contrast two approaches to the study of prejudice Essay Example Compare and contrast two approaches to the study of prejudice Paper Compare and contrast two approaches to the study of prejudice Paper Prejudice in society today seems to be unavoidable. It appears on the news, is portrayed in film and evident in the history books. Prejudice can be defined as a negative attitude toward a particular social group and all its members. A prejudice attitude involves making prejudgements about a person of a group and applying generic attributes (Hogg Vaughan, 2004). Allport (1945b) suggests that prejudice consists of three components. Firstly a cognitive belief about the group, secondly a strong feeling must be evident about the group and qualities they possess and lastly the intention to act in a certain way towards the group (cited in Hogg Vaughan, 2004). Prejudice is a problem is society as it can lead to discrimination toward members of a certain group. In the most extreme cases genocide is the ultimate expression of prejudice toward a group. The most prominent example of this is the anti-Semitic actions of Germany in the Second World War. The atrocities that took place at the hands of the German army were high in peoples minds and psychologists there after began taking an interest in the origins of prejudice and ways of reducing prejudice. Two approaches that have now become widely acknowledged are those of individual differences resulting in prejudice and inter-group theories of prejudice. Individual differences as a cause of prejudice is concerned with why some people are more prejudice than others, and whether it is because of a personality trait that causes these attitudes (Crisp Turner, 2007). An authoritarian personality was on concept that was suggested by Adorno, Frenkel-Brunswik, Levinson and Sanford (1950) in the wake of the holocaust (cited in Hogg Vaughan, 2004). They believed that only those with a personality defect could be prejudice, these people were not only prejudice toward one particular social group but all minority groups. The authoritarian personality is defined by certain characteristics. Such as need for order, high respect for authority, displacement of anger onto weaker individuals and an obsession with status. Thought these tendencies first developed in childhood with confusion over excessive harsh discipline from the parent (cited in Hogg Vaughan, 2004). The child loves and hates their parent and this conflict cause stress which is then redirected toward weaker individuals around them while idealising those who represent the power and authority of their parent (Hogg Vaughan, 2004). However, there are certain restrictions when considering personality explanations of prejudice. The main concern being that not every child brought up with excessive, harsh discipline then becomes prejudice. This may be due to the persons ability to control and regulate their prejudice. Specifically, in society today egalitarian values are emphasised and expected, so if a person feels they have acted in a way that displays prejudice then they may feel guilty. The individual has noticed a difference in the way they acted to their values causing the guilt; this guilt can be the motivation a person needs to change their behaviour and ultimately their prejudice attitude. This theory how there can be a variation in the amount of prejudice that people display but not the reasoning behind why individuals want to eliminate prejudice. In general one of the problems of individual differences as a cause of prejudice is that is does not apply easily to large groups of people who are prejudice. For instance it is conceivable but unlikely that every person who is prejudice had a harsh disciplinary upbringing that results in an authoritarian personality (Hogg Vaughan, 2004). There is a need of a cultural mentality to result in large scale prejudice such as the apartheid in South Africa between 1948 and 1994. Inter-group theories are able to address this issue. Inter-group theories involve the categorizing of people into distinct groups. Primarily these groups are either in-groups, those which we belong to or out-groups, a group which we are not a member of (Crisp Turner, 2007). Sherif, White and Harvey (1955) found that when people are divided into groups it created an environment in which group comparison and the desire to partake in competition was immediately evident. Shortly after the initial division a social identity develops and the introduction of competition caused heightened hostile behaviour (cited in Crisp Turner, 2007). Sherifs (1955) findings support the theory of realistic group conflict theory. This theory suggests that prejudice is the result of competition for valuable resources (Crisp Turner, 2007). For instance sexism in the work place could be an example of realistic group conflict theory because of the competition for the jobs and internal promotion. Employers are more likely to show favouritism for their own groups and derogation of the out groups in order to secure their own futures. However Tajfel, Billig, Bundy, Flament (1971) found that simply dividing people into groups caused prejudice and competition was not necessary. When participants were divided into groups based on the type of abstract painter they preferred they allocated those not in their group lower points, therefore displaying inter-group bias. This demonstrates the minimal condition for prejudice to occur; because as soon as we know that someone is in a different group to us we are likely to discriminate on that basis. This may be due to the fact that when others are in the same group as us we think of them as similar to ourselves and those in the out-groups are different to us (Crisp Turner, 2007). Tajfel and Turner (1979) devised the theory of social identification. They assumed that people wanted positive self-esteem and one contributor to self esteem is the groups which we belong to. Therefore, if the groups we belong to have a high status and are positively perceived then this boost our self esteem because as we are members of that group we should be perceived in the same way. In this way it benefits our self esteem to improve the positive image of the group compared to the out-groups and so this is another way that prejudice could develop. Self categorization theory (Turner, Hogg, Oakes,Reicher Wetherell, 1987) is based on social identification but emphasises the cognitive approaches(cited in Crisp Turner, 2007). The identification with a group causes one to depersonalise oneself in order to fit in with group norms and so become self-categorized (Crisp Turner). Therefore, if the group norm is one which allows prejudice then individuals will also display this attribute. One criticism of Tajfel (1971) was that the conditions were not minimal and there was some belief similarity which could explain the preferable treatment of the in group members (cited in Crisp Turner,2007). The categories the participants were separated into were supposedly based on the preference of a painter and so perhaps had other aspects in common. To rectify this Tafjel replicated the study with some alterations. The participants knew that they were allocated to groups on a purely random basis. Even so, there was still inter-group bias. However, the findings were not as large a number as in the previous study. Inter-group theories give a good account of how the groups we belong to influence our prejudice. However, we must remember that we have control over out thoughts and actions. Consequently, we can choose not to conform to group norms and also not to express prejudice. Individual differences in prejudice consider these aspects more. Prejudice is a complex multi faceted concept with many different contributing factors. The individual difference approach considers how personality affects individuals and the extent to which they express prejudice. However, this approach does not explain large scale prejudice across cultures and other groups. The inter-group theories demonstrate the categorization of people into two main groups, the in and out groups. These theories give a more accepted explanation of prejudice. However, there are still short coming in these theories. For example the need for explanation as to why some people are resistant to the social conditions that should exert prejudice. Subsequently, the deduction is that explanations of prejudice need to consider both approaches to obtain the most informative and balanced conclusion.

Verbally and Orally

Verbally and Orally Verbally and Orally Verbally and Orally By Maeve Maddox Laurel asks: Can you please clarify when to use verbally and when to use orally? Verbally comes from Latin verbum, word. Its adjective form verbal is often used in the sense of spoken, and contrasted with written. Here are some examples from a discussion about giving notice to a landlord: If you give notice verbally and not in writing, is it legally binding? A verbal agreement should be binding. BUT there is nothing like a written agreement Its always better to do everything in writing†¦ Nothing works verbally in law. Verbally is used in other contexts to mean with words or words without action: The woman abused her children verbally. He has no patience with people who verbally profess charity, but do nothing to relieve the misery of others. Orally comes from Late Latin oralis, which comes from Latin os, mouth. It means by mouth. Like verbally, orally is sometimes use in the sense of spoken: Teachers shall require book reports to be presented orally. More often, orally means by mouth How to get a 3 year old to take medicine orally How to Give Cat Medicine Orally Since taking medicine orally involves swallowing it, the following example from the web is overkill: [What] if someone orally swallowed some Lidocaine? Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Using "a" and "an" Before WordsThat vs. Which8 Great Podcasts for Writers and Book Authors

Environmental Studies - Global Warming Research Paper

Environmental Studies - Global Warming - Research Paper Example However, the aspect that cannot be disputed is that these human induced advancements, inventions and discoveries are happening at the cost of earth’s environment. Yes, technological advancements and industrial revolution, initiated by the men, have led to an increase in emission of greenhouse gases, burning of fossil fuels and that eventually led to global warming. Global Warming refers to rise in earth’s temperature due to the emission of green house gases, deforestation and burning of fossil fuels. It is no doubt that Earth is warming faster than ever before in history. The increasing temperature is, however, thought to come about because of the various human activities. However, at the same time, there is a view that global warming is a naturally occurring phenomenon, and the human activities in quest of development and comfort do not contribute to it. Thus, this paper even while discussing whether global warming is due to human actions or whether they do not contrib ute maximally to it, will take a concluding stance that it is human-induced. Background Earth’s temperatures depend on the balance between input of the sun and terrestrial radiation or its loss back into the atmosphere. There are gases that are critical when it comes to the balance of that temperature. This group of gases has a common name: greenhouse gases. Energy from the sun is in the form of shortwave radiation. Approximately, a third of the solar radiation that hits earth’s surface gets reflected back into the atmosphere. The remaining radiation is absorbed mainly by land and oceans. This, therefore, results into an increase in the warming of the earth’s surface. The surface subsequently emits long-wave radiation. At this point, if there are greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, the radiation is trapped, thereby, warming the atmosphere. The gases form a blanket on earth thus increasing the temperatures by 35 degrees (Theodore, 2004). Role of human induced Gre enhouse gases in global warming Scientists believe that human activities have a direct impact on the increased levels of greenhouse gases on the earth surface. Global warming occurs because of the massive greenhouse gases, for instance, carbon dioxide and methane. Human activities are the main cause of the increase in green house gases. Global warming is characterized by rise in sea levels, melting of glaciers and ice caps, change in climatic conditions and rainfall patterns, etc. For the last 20 million years, research has it that burning of fuels has tremendously given rise to high carbon dioxide level in the atmosphere. A recent report by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change shows that there is a vivid evidence for 0.6 degrees Celsius increase in global temperatures and about 20cm rise in the general sea level. In addition, sea ice thickness in Arctic Ocean has gone down by approximately 40% (Theodore, 2004). Mountains, on the other hand, are also recording the fastest ever experienced glacier melting rate. In North Atlantic region, there has been a constant rise in storm activities, drought, and floods. Prediction made by IPCC suggests that by 2100, there shall be arise in global temperatures by 5.4 degrees Celsius (Theodore, 2004). Generation of Greenhouse Gases has increased due to Human activities A simple way to prove Global Warming is happening and real is to refer to the earth’s temperature database of the previous years and compare the same with the current

Your objective is to understand how management (directors and his Essay

Your objective is to understand how management (directors and his team) of BP company, dealt with the oil spill in the gulf of Mexico - Essay Example They came up with approximation of ninety days and forty billion as the cost through seeking money from other companies. According to Bryant & Hunter (1-2), BP started by attempting to install a valve to shutoff one of the leaks that were underwater, though, it was a difficult process that they thought would not succeed. Two days later, they had managed to stop oil flow from one of the three leaking points on the riser in the Gulf of Mexico and the spoiled oil well. However, this effort did not solve the overall problem of leakage and they had to improvise another method to solve the problem completely. They came up with the idea of installing a cofferdam at the end of the riser, though; it was not successful because there was extra formation of hydrate crystals in the dome. This made them use the junk shot method to wad the leak that was undersea by pumping shredded materials into the well at an extremely high

Utopia and Sonnets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Utopia and Sonnets - Essay Example Regarding the men folk, the Utopians recommended that they should be four years older than the women at the time of their marriage. Utopians were so strict about keeping morality in married as well as familial relationship that they never allowed any kind of illegal relationship prior to marriage, and if there occurred any offending, they persecuted the trespassers. One is thunderstruck when realizing the reality that such kind of offenders were forbidden ever after in their life to marry, and they were forgiven only at the prince’s mercy. If the offence was among the married people, or if it was a forcible seduction, the punishment was so severe. There was possibility for the couples to return to their former life after being felt repentance over their actions. They followed monogamy that one has to keep his wife in pleasure as well as in displeasure and he could part with her only with death, except adultery break the bond. If both husband and the wife are accused, it was th e license of the council to decide the proper. One feels their custom of choosing husbands and wives as absurd that women had to show her nakedness to the wooer. Regarding the Utopians, they had given due importance to this custom and they mocked at other nations and their customs. To the Utopians, it was their ritual which they observed for identifying the physical and moral strength and weakness of their future life partner, â€Å"and the endowments of the body causes the virtues of mind more to be esteemed and regarded†(Of Wedlock, p.91-92). One of the notable features of the Utopian society was that they allowed divorce with the full consent of the couples and they could marry others. To conclude, one can infer that though some of the rules existed in Utopia with regard to marriage was absurd, some others are acceptable even in the modern society. Elizabethan prose has always attracted the attention of many that it was rich in its form and content.  

A Publicly Owned Large Company Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

A Publicly Owned Large Company - Research Paper Example This case briefly analyzes the real world problems which a company might face while having a meeting in order to select its supplier. If the problems are not resolved at the first stage i.e. while having meetings, then there are considerable chances of facing immense amount of problems later on. This case provides insights about the potential problems which may arise at the stage of having first meeting with the potential supplier. Central Problem   Jill Turner, representative of Success Inc. is having a meeting with Supplier A Inc. in order to find out if they are competent enough to be selected as a supplier for Success Inc. During the meeting, Jill encountered various issues. These issues included the strange quietness of the representatives of Supplier A Inc., not checking the business cards of the representatives which can be considered as Jill’s own mistake, not being sure where the headquarter of the company is located and not knowing who is the right person to talk w ith. In the subsequent paragraphs, discussion has been provided about how to cope up with such problems, why these problems arise and what were the reasons behind such problems. Statement of Objectives   There are certain areas which need to be analyzed and evaluated before commencing a meeting. If that is not done, than it might lead to wrong decision making and ultimately will end up in against of the company. Wrong decision will definitely cause loss of money and time to the company therefore it is required to be very careful before taking such big decision. This case analyzes what mistakes can occur during meeting while selecting a supplier. Areas of Consideration (SWOT)   Strengths The strength of Success Inc is that it has smart representative namely Jill Turner, who sincerely looks for all the pros and cons before choosing any supplier. Success Inc is very cautious while selecting a supplier which is the strength of this company. Success Inc.’s representatives hold meetings with each of the potential supplier before selecting the right one. They analyze and evaluate each and every aspect so as to avoid any serious problems in future. Weakness The weakness which Success Inc. possesses is that its representatives at times make such mistakes which can cause loss of time and money to the company. Representatives of Success Inc need to be more careful and must not be so judgemental. Threats By not analyzing own mistakes and ignoring those mistakes, there are chances for the supplier to get the deal by showing misleading facts and figures. Success Inc. needs to analyze each and every single point before coming to the final decision otherwise the suppliers might take the advantage and therefore the threat of bargaining power of supplier can increase substantially. Opportunities After analyzing the case, it seems that the opportunity that Success Inc. has is that they usually do not have time pressure. By not being bounded to the time frame, they can take as much time as they want and can study comprehensively about each supplier. The financial position, previous performance, lead time, delivery and quality are some areas which need to be considered thoroughly before taking any final decision. Time Context Success Inc. doesn’t have any time pressure which means that they are not compelled to launch a particular product in particular time frame which gives Success Inc. an edge in studying more carefully about the potential suppliers. Alternative Courses of Action   Selecting an appropriate supplier is not an easy task for large companies. There are many areas to consider before selecting a supplier. Most often, companies mislead the information so accurately in order to get the deal that it becomes difficult in considering if the facts

Why is the U.S. health care market referred to as imperfect Article

Why is the U.S. health care market referred to as imperfect - Article Example This research will begin with the statement that the health care market of the United States is referred to as an imperfect since it does not cover all the people in the United States. Healthcare is a heterogeneous product where the product matters more than the product itself. People are willing to pay any price to access healthcare in the country.   This has created an opportunity for health providers to charge exorbitant prices for medical prices amidst inflated health insurance costs. Even the people who demand health care services are not the real users. While a perfect market is defined by the factors of demand and supply, this economic theory does not apply to the healthcare sector. The fact that third party players are paying for their direct market expenses makes it an imperfect market. On the contrary, the government should have set up a proper market that would oversee that all third party players in the U.S are included in the health care program. Healthcare initiative, in general, is a collaborative health promotion and disease promotion efforts with a vision of promoting a healthier nation. The vision set there in of achieving an integrated approach to healthcare delivery is highly achievable. It's comprehensively set objectives are aimed at improving the health of the citizens and eliminating health disparities over time, which expected to be effective over a decade. The fact that the initiative involves various players and does not leave the whole burden of medical provision to a single docket, the likelihood of the vision being achieved is high.

A Publicly Owned Large Company Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

A Publicly Owned Large Company - Research Paper Example This case briefly analyzes the real world problems which a company might face while having a meeting in order to select its supplier. If the problems are not resolved at the first stage i.e. while having meetings, then there are considerable chances of facing immense amount of problems later on. This case provides insights about the potential problems which may arise at the stage of having first meeting with the potential supplier. Central Problem   Jill Turner, representative of Success Inc. is having a meeting with Supplier A Inc. in order to find out if they are competent enough to be selected as a supplier for Success Inc. During the meeting, Jill encountered various issues. These issues included the strange quietness of the representatives of Supplier A Inc., not checking the business cards of the representatives which can be considered as Jill’s own mistake, not being sure where the headquarter of the company is located and not knowing who is the right person to talk w ith. In the subsequent paragraphs, discussion has been provided about how to cope up with such problems, why these problems arise and what were the reasons behind such problems. Statement of Objectives   There are certain areas which need to be analyzed and evaluated before commencing a meeting. If that is not done, than it might lead to wrong decision making and ultimately will end up in against of the company. Wrong decision will definitely cause loss of money and time to the company therefore it is required to be very careful before taking such big decision. This case analyzes what mistakes can occur during meeting while selecting a supplier. Areas of Consideration (SWOT)   Strengths The strength of Success Inc is that it has smart representative namely Jill Turner, who sincerely looks for all the pros and cons before choosing any supplier. Success Inc is very cautious while selecting a supplier which is the strength of this company. Success Inc.’s representatives hold meetings with each of the potential supplier before selecting the right one. They analyze and evaluate each and every aspect so as to avoid any serious problems in future. Weakness The weakness which Success Inc. possesses is that its representatives at times make such mistakes which can cause loss of time and money to the company. Representatives of Success Inc need to be more careful and must not be so judgemental. Threats By not analyzing own mistakes and ignoring those mistakes, there are chances for the supplier to get the deal by showing misleading facts and figures. Success Inc. needs to analyze each and every single point before coming to the final decision otherwise the suppliers might take the advantage and therefore the threat of bargaining power of supplier can increase substantially. Opportunities After analyzing the case, it seems that the opportunity that Success Inc. has is that they usually do not have time pressure. By not being bounded to the time frame, they can take as much time as they want and can study comprehensively about each supplier. The financial position, previous performance, lead time, delivery and quality are some areas which need to be considered thoroughly before taking any final decision. Time Context Success Inc. doesn’t have any time pressure which means that they are not compelled to launch a particular product in particular time frame which gives Success Inc. an edge in studying more carefully about the potential suppliers. Alternative Courses of Action   Selecting an appropriate supplier is not an easy task for large companies. There are many areas to consider before selecting a supplier. Most often, companies mislead the information so accurately in order to get the deal that it becomes difficult in considering if the facts

Usage of social media tools in the federal government sector in the Research Paper

Usage of social media tools in the federal government sector in the UAE - Research Paper Example The researcher considers it important here to address the assumption made for developing the usage of social media chart. The domain of â€Å"Social Media Usage† is applicable on any federal department, which is using one or all social media engagement tools such as e-mail, RSS-feeds, Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Instagram, Search facilities, feedback mechanisms etc. 2.2. Quantity of Social Media Used The primary findings presented in this section represents the number of social media tools that each of the 48 federal departments are using to engage with the general public. From the analysis of the findings, it is found that Facebook and Twitter are the most popular and widely used social media engagement tools utilized by federal departments. On the other hand, Blogger is the least preferred social media engagement tool used by the federal departments of the UAE. The other social media engagement tools that are used by these federal department are YouTube, official website, live chat options, 24/7 feedback mechanism, Instagram, electronic e-mailing systems, RSS-feeds, LinkedIn etc. 2.3. Active/non-Active Users This section of the research report presents the level of activities carried out on the social networking profiles of the federal department and the status of social networking profiles in terms of active or non-active users. ... The assumption that the researcher has made while formulating the findings of this section is that, any federal department having more than 1,000 users on all of its social networking profiles are eligible to be marked in this section. It has been found that the majority of the Federal Departments are active users of social networking tools and engage masses into the conversation and promotional activities. Only Zakat Fund, The National Council for Tourism and Antiquates, Red Crescent UAE, National transport Authority, Department of Energy, Department of Cabinet Affairs, Insurance Authority and Emirates Post Group are either non-active users of social networking tools or have less followership in terms of engaging masses into conversations and promotional activities. 2.4. Value Addition Strategy This section of the findings presents the value addition strategies and tools used by Federal Departments of UAE to keep the interest of people on these social networking tools high. From the analysis, it has been found that the social networking tools maximize the value of communication carried out by the federal departments with the general public. The value addition strategies focuses on providing general public with updated information about the functions and activities of the federal departments, public service messages, visual and photo projection of events, achievements and awards won for performance excellency, press releases and future projects and plans of the respective federal departments. The best features that are found on the social networking profiles of all departments are search facility, feedback mechanisms and ability of the website to show

Race and Crime Essay Example for Free

Race and Crime Essay Are minorities continually being unfairly arrested, tried and punished as a result of racial discrimination or do minorities just commit more crimes? In order to determine if disparity or discrimination is the cause of current over representation of minorities in the criminal justice system we have to study race, ethnicity and past discriminatory judicial practices. Are the historical discriminatory practices and past laws the cause of the systematic imbalance of power in relation to race, class and discrimination within our society that leads to more crime among minorities today? There are many theories on why, how and even if race discrimination plays a significant role in explaining the current arrest and incarceration rates of minorities in the United States. Social strain theory, because it also involves the most restriction to important social aspects of society is the one I most agree with. In my experience restricted access to social and cultural capital is the cause for higher than expected crime rates among our citizens who lack these two important aspects of crime control. The inability to achieve success based on societies’ definition causes stain and alternative ways of thinking to achieve that level of success, which is sometimes outside the confines of the law. The term race has traditionally referred to the biological differences of mankind. The differences that distinguish us by the color of our skin, hair texture and certain physical features determine what race we are. Some experts contend that race is just a social construct and people are classified and labeled by the culturally dominant group in that society. This type of classification system tends to imply that one race is inferior to another (Walker et al pg 6). The term minority is used for any race that is less in numbers than the race in power. Currently in the United States the â€Å"majority† is considered to be Caucasian and the â€Å"minorities† are African Americans, Hispanics, Arab Americans, etc. There have been many historical examples of minorities being unfairly treated within the confines of our judicial system. â€Å"Race discrimination and social and economical inequality have a direct impact on crime and criminal justice† (Walker et al, pg 78). In the southern states during the 1800’s barriers were created in the laws to separate nonwhite persons from the majority, white persons called the Black Codes. These codes created a legal line of separation stating where blacks could and could not go in public, what land they could own and how they could earn a living. The term, Color Line encompassed everything involving what water fountains and bathrooms â€Å"coloreds† could use and where they could stand or sit in public spaces. The Jim Crow laws of the 1900 were also racist laws and actions that deprived African Americans civil rights, claiming blacks were inferior to the whites and were lower class people. â€Å"The colored sign was the most visible mark of inferiority imposed upon African Americans by the Jim Crow laws† (Davis PhD). The punishment for breaking these laws and codes were mob lynching, serving prison time on chain gangs and debilitating debt imposed by sharecropping attempts to make a living (Davis PhD). Previous laws and codes set the stage for economic inequality of minorities in the United States. Income, wealth, unemployment are the standard measure of economic inequality. â€Å"All of these measures indicate deep and persistent inequality in society generally and with respect to race and ethnicity† (Walker et al pg, 79). In order to determine if race discrimination has the major contributor to minority over representation in the criminal justice system we must rule out the idea of disparity being the cause of overrepresentation. The concept of disparity in the criminal justice system refers to differences in say incarceration rates of a certain race but not because of systematic race discrimination. Disparity is a way to explain the high numbers of minorities as criminal perpetrators with legitimate factors. These factors could include, minorities commit more crimes, not because police officers, judges and juries are racists. Crime arrest and convictions could be solely based on legal factors. These legal factors include the seriousness of offense, mitigating circumstances and previous criminal records. These factors opposed to extralegal factors that include race, class, gender and lifestyle (Walker et al, pg 18). If arrest and conviction rates were based solely on legal factors with no weight given to extralegal factors, a high minority count would be considered disparity not systematic discrimination on part of the criminal justice system. To determine if only legal factors and not extralegal factors are the cause of an overrepresentation of minorities in the criminal justice system much more research needs to be conducted. If the cause of high incarceration rates is because of disparity instead of discrimination there is one theory I feel explains why there is disparity. The Social Strain Theory explains the causes of disparity among minorities that leads to higher rates of arrests and incarceration rates. â€Å"Robert Merton’s social stain theory holds that each society has a dominant set of values and goals along with acceptable means of achieving them† (Walker et al, pg 92). If success in life is measured by your social status, involving what you own, where you live and who you know then that is your personal goals for success. The ways to achieve this success are seen as hard work, education, self-control and as individual achievements (Walker et al, pg 92). If the American dream is not realized by a group of people because of societies inability to provide equal levels of educational and work opportunities to achieve success it results in what Merton’s calls social strain. Merton’s theory of social strain addresses the gap between what society views as success and a persons circumstances are for trying to achieve that success. (Walker et al, pg 92). Social strain helps to explain high rates of criminal activity among minorities because minorities are more likely to be denied legal opportunities to obtain the American dream by legal means. â€Å"The high levels of economic inequality experienced by minorities, together with continuing discrimination based on race and ethnicity, mean that minorities are far less likely to be able to achieve approved social goals through conventional means† (Walker et al, pg 93). In conclusion I believe minorities do commit more crimes today, but that is because of a history of discrimination and blocked opportunities to achieve social and cultural capital. The ruling class, the majority, because of past-institutionalized and systematic discrimination has created what we have today, a disparity among minorities involved in our criminal justice system. Therefore even though we have curbed contextual and individual acts of discrimination we have yet to address past discrimination in a meaningful way while still upholding the law. Bibliography Davis, Ronald L. F. Ph. D. California State University, Northridge. Creating Jim Crow. History of Jim Crow retrieved on June 2, 2011 from http://jimcrowhistory. org/history/creating. htm Lafree, G. Russell, K. K. (1993). The argument for studying race and crime. Journal of Criminal Justice Education. 4, 273-289. Walker, S, Spohn, C, DeLone, M. (2007). The Color of Justice: Race, Ethnicity, and Crime in America. Wadsworth Publishing Co.

The bluetooth technology

The bluetooth technology Abstract: Bluetooth Technology has been widely spreading every single day due to its availability in most of the electronic devices that are dominant nowadays. As any other technology, when widespread, will have a huge impact on the users and societies. In our study, we will search the impact of Bluetooth technology on the society. To get a realistic knowledge, a survey contains 10 questions on our topic was conducted. 100 people from Multimedia University and Limkokwing University were randomly chosen to participate in our survey. In addition, we relied on other sources such as the internet to collect information regarding our topic. From our study we have found that, the spreading of the Bluetooth technology has made life easier. As any other technology Bluetooth is, sometimes, used in a negative way and consequently has a negative influence. Acknowledgement: We would, firstly, like to thank our God who gave us the ability to accomplish this research. Secondly, many thanks to our EHM 3066, Engineers and society, subject lecturers who have been giving us a very good example of diligence and hard work. We send our gratitude to the participants who have participated in our questionnaire and given us from their precious time. Thanks to our families, friends and all our beloved people who has always given us the inspiration to be successful. We would finally thank our institution, the Faculty of Engineering (FOE), Multimedia University. 1.0 Introduction: Technology is considered to be the mount to climb up and attain the desired degree of development of a society. Man has been trying to facilitate his life through inventions and innovation. He first invented the â€Å"wheel† and hasnt stopped so far. He lately invaded other planets. Telecommunication means, when computerized, played a very important role in spreading data which enabled scientists utilize the outcome of other scientistsresearches and that lead to more and more advancement in various fields of science and thus more technical devices. These devices didnt have the present shape. A lot of effort was exerted in the process of betterment with regard to performance, size and ease of use. This trial is to have a clear idea of how Bluetooth technology is affecting the society and our lives. 1.1 Overview of Bluetooth: In the striving for reduction of cables between computers and their connected units, Ericson Mobile Communication, in 1994, started the project named and named it Bluetooth. What is Bluetooth? Bluetooth is the name of a new technology that is now becoming widespread on a commercial basis. It promises to change significantly the way we use machines. Instead of using cables to transmit data between components of a PC,for example, the printer, the mouse and so on, a small and cheap radio chip to be plugged into these components will do the job. In short it is a Cable-replacement technology. The name was first used as a code name, but it stuck as time passed. It is named after the 10th Danish King, Herald Bluetooth, who had united Scandinavian Europe at a time it was severely divided. The founders of the Bluetooth technology found the name fitting as the Bluetooth technology is able to unite various industries like cellphone, computing and automotive markets. By Bluetooth technology one is able to simplify and combine several forms of wireless communication into a single, safe, power-saver, inexpensive, globally available radio frequency. 2.0 Bluetooth Mechanism: By embedding short-range transceivers that are inexpensive and tiny, into new electronic devices that are available nowadays, Bluetooth achieves its goal. In addition to three voice channels, Bluetooth can transfer data at data transferring speed up to 721 Kbps. As Bluetooth operates on radio band, at frequency of 2.45 GHz, that is unlicensed and globally available, people or â€Å"international travelers† have no obstructions to use Bluetooth-enabled equipment. Moreover, Bluetooth units might be either externally adapted or built into electronics devices. E.g. in a personal computer, Bluetooth devices can be built into the motherboard as a PC card or on the other hand it can be used as an external Bluetooth adaptor through connecting it to a USB port. From the IEEE 802 standard, each Bluetooth device has its own 48-bit address. One feature is that connections are not only point to point, but they can also be multipoint connections. Usually, Bluetooth devices have a maximum ra nge of connection up to 10 meters. However, by increasing the power, the range of connection might be extended to 100 meters. Bluetooth devices have a technique called frequency hopping. The main purpose of this technique is to protect the devices from radio interference. The mechanism of the technique is that Bluetooth devices change arbitrarily their frequency maximally 1600 times/s. when an error occurs, it will be immediately corrected by the three complimentary error correction schemes that any Bluetooth device has. Bluetooth devices are also provided with built in verification and encryption. When Bluetooth devices are in a â€Å"hold† mode they consume approximately 30 micro Amperes from the battery of the electronic devices, such as cell phones and laptops, while they consume a range of 8 to 30 milliamps, less than one tenth of a watt, when they are in the active transmission mode. Moreover, only 0.3 mA are consumed by the radio chip, when in a standby mode, which means that its less than 3 % of the power that is used by a mobile phone. Also, the radio chip has an excellent power-saving feature that is as soon as the traffic volume lessens, the chip shifts automatically to a low-power mode. The above indicates that Bluetooth devices do not drain precious battery life. But beyond un-tethering devices by replacing the cables, Bluetooth devices can form a small and private ad hoc grouping of devices that are away from fixed network infrastructures by providing universal bridges. These bridges are to connect between a device, data networks and a peripheral interface. Furthermore, noisy radio frequency environment does not affect Bluetooth devices since they are designed to use a scheme called frequency hopping scheme and as well as a fast acknowledgment in order to make the link active and strong. After sending or receiving a packet, Bluetooth radio modules keep away from interference from other radio signals by jumping â€Å"hopping† to a new frequency. The Bluetooth radio uses shorter packets and jumps â€Å"hops† faster than other systems that are operating in the identical frequency band the thing that makes the Bluetooth radio more active and stronger than other systems. In addition, these fast hopping from a frequency to another an d the short packages decrease the impact of domestic microwave ovens. Random noise may affect long-distance links. However, Forward Error Correction (FEC) is used to eliminate this impact. The encoding is, then ideal for an uncoordinated environment. At the bit level, Bluetooth security is guaranteed. Users can control the authentication by using a 128 bit key where radio signals are coded with 8 to 128 bits. The Bluetooth radio transmissions match the safety standards that are required by the countries where the technology is used with respect to the effects of radio transmissions on the human body. Bluetooth enabled devices emissions are less than those from industry-standard cordless phones. Also, Bluetooth module do not interfere, cause harm or even affect public or private telecommunications network. 2.1 Bluetooth Operation Modes: A feature of Bluetooth technology is that, once the Bluetooth devices come in range of each other, they will instantly form networks between each other.Another feature is that a number of devices can be connected together via Bluetooth in an ad hoc form. This feature is technically known as â€Å"Piconet†. In a piconet two or more devices can be connected together. A scatter net can be formed by multiple independent and non-synchronized piconets. Moreover, any device that is in a piconet can be a member of another piconet through a technique called time multiplexing. This techniques mechanism is to share the time suitably, thus a device can be a member of two or more piconets. As Bluetooth system supports multi-point connections as well as point to point connections, Bluetooth devices can be connected to a maximum of another 7 points, a point to multipoint connection. Every piconet has different frequency hopping sequence and hence a number of piconets may be created and linked together. All users that are sharing onepiconet are synchronized piconets hopping sequence. A Bluetooth device uses different hopping sequence when the device is connected to two or more piconets where a piconet starts with 2 connected devices, e.g a laptop and a mobile phone, and may grow to 8 connected devices . All Bluetooth devices have the same implementations. However, there are two types of unites in a piconet which are master units and slave units.A master unit is the unit which synchronizes the other devices by its clock and hopping sequence, where the other devices in the piconet are called slave units. In order to differentiate between units participating in the piconet, a 3-bit MAC address is used. When a unit does not have a MAC address, it is called a park unit. Park units are usually synchronized. Anyway, since parked units have an 8 bit address, a maximum of 256 parked units may be existed. 3.0 Bluetooths positive impact: 3.1 Huge Impact: What could the practical use of Bluetooth be on Society? Well, it is unlimited and depends on the way it is used. From a practical viewpoint, we can adapt all computerized Have a look at the list below! Printers Desktop and laptop computers Modems LAN access units http://www.sysopt.com/img/icons/war_ex.jpghttp://www.sysopt.com/img/icons/log_v450.jpgFax devices Phones and pagers Headsets Keyboards joysticks Notebook computers Practically, most of the digital devices can be a part of the system of Bluetooth. The dynamic of Bluetooths connectivity nature has the ability to replace USB (Universal Serial Bus). A Bluetooth-mouse can be in existence by using the improved plug-and-play-systems. The installation can take effect after the operating system is rebooted. 3.2 Bluetooths Applications 3.2.1Bluetooth and the Internet One of the most important advantages of Bluetooth is that it enables you to connect a device provided with internet connectivity to another device that is not. E.g. you might connect your hand phone that has a built-in Bluetooth to your laptop that has a Wi-Fi via Bluetooth connection. Then, via you laptops Wi-Fi, if exists, to a Wi-Fi router. Once your laptop is connected to the internet you can enable your hand phone to be connected to the internet as well. Moreover, this example goes correctly to most of the devices that have Bluetooth technology not only hand phones.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Buying a device that has a Wi-Fi or buying another that has a Bluetooth technology is sometimes a confusing choice. One may think that by choosing Bluetooth he/she will not be able to connect to the internet and in this case choosing a Wi-Fi would be better.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  However, this is not such a really correct choice. Since, from the above example, you can modify your device to get connected to the internet via the Bluetooth technology purchasing a device that has a Bluetooth technology is a better choice as you can get two technologies in one ; internet connectivity (the function of Wi-Fi is achieved) and Bluetooth technology. 3.2.2 Some Other Applications: A Bluetooth-mouse could be used at a further distance from a monitor, and while moving about in the room. A Bluetooth-keyboard could be used further away from the monitor. This would reduce eye-strain for persons who are long-sighted. Increasing the distance would also reduce exposure to electromagnetic radiation from the monitor. A Bluetooth-keyboard could also be used to address more than one computer, in a dynamic, switchless manner. You can use your e-mail while your laptop lies in a briefcase; when your laptop receives an E-mail your mobile phone will immediately alert you and then, you can read the received e-mails in your mobile phones display. A businessman may enable his laptop to find a suitable printer once he enters a company.As soon as a suitable printer is found, data will be sent from the laptop to that printer via Bluetooth connection to print it out. Make a connection to printers and faxes without messy cables. Wireless connection to video projectors and digital cameras. An easy and elegance connection from cell phone to handsfree headset. A useful connection between Bluetooth interface to office private branch exchange (PBX). Smooth creating of dial up networks and automatic e-mail. Use mobile phones as office wireless phones. Use of personal computers or PDAs (Personal Digital Assistants) as hands-free phone. Automatic transferring and swapping of files, software, electronic business cards, calendars etc. Dancing couples at a dance hall could receive the music through their headsets and pick the dance of their choice Not to mention many more to come. 3.3The influence of the Bluetooth technology on Society: Thanks to the Bluetooth technology, a wireless LAN (Local Area Network) can be implemented without wires. This means that all the functions of a conventional fixed LAN are available in a WLAN including file sharing, peripheral sharing, Internet access and many more. 3.3.1 Mobility and low cost: Mobility and cost-saving installation are the main advantages of wireless networks in society. Most of the application scenarios of wireless are related to these two features. Mobility enables users to roam on while being connected to backbone networks. Many jobs require wandering workers. Portable computers are indispensable for people like inventory clerks, healthcare workers, police officers, and emergency-care specialists. Wireless networking provides important cost savings in the areas where cables cannot be easily installed, such as historical buildings and residential houses. In distant sites, branch offices and other situations where on-site networking expertise might not be available or fast networking is needed, computers equipped with wireless LANs can be pre-configured and shipped ready to use. 3.3.2 Circulation of Information: The wireless local area network business has been focused on offices since the industry began. But recently, home networking is seen to be a fast growing market. The personal computer has become a powerful platform for education, entertainment, information access and personal finance applications. At home, with the wide use of PCs and the Internet becoming the main way to access information, the role of the PCs has expanded and will continue to expand especially in the area of education. On the social side, this means that wireless networks is the easy way to access internet, find information and at the same time the users gain more knowledge through browsing the internet. 3.3.3Avoiding wire tangle Bluetooth is also one of the examples of using wireless range other than PDA and etc. The objective of Bluetooth technology is to replace cables and infrared links used to connect unrelated electronic devices with one universal short-range radio link. 3.4 Industrial boom Bluetooth applications reflect the mobile phone industry background of the inventors of some famous phone models for example Nokia, Sony Ericsson, Motorola and many more. There are many useful things that Bluetooth had given to our society. 3.5 Information Interchange In meetings and conferences, users can share information instantly with all participants without any wired connections. 3.6 Convenience: A user can also cordlessly run and control, for instance, a projector, or can connect his headset to his laptop or any wired connection to keep hands free for more important tasks while in the office, home or in the car. When laptop receives an email, the user will get an alert on mobile phone. Users can also browse all incoming emails and read those selected on the mobile phones display. Public Bluetooth wireless access points could enable free or charged access to information and services through laptop computers and PDAs. For example, imagine being able to browse the catalog of a public library on your handheld PC as soon as you enter the building. Or, imagine how helpful it would be to have instant PDA access to a building map and to customized real-time flight arrival and departure data as you make your way through a busy airport. Consider the convenience of having automatic, wireless access to a shared hotel printer as you make last-minute changes to a presentation in your hote l room. 3.7 Productive and Time saver: In a Bluetooth-enabled business world, the cellular phone could provide a link to everything beyond the 10-meter range limitation. Without even removing their Bluetooth-enabled cell phone from their briefcase or luggage, mobile professionals would be able to check voice mail, send a fax, receive email, verify inventory levels, and surf the Internet through their laptop computers. This would extend the concept of anytime, anywhere data access well beyond the current standard of cell phones and beepers. 3.8More Freedom: In considering the above scenarios, some may argue that the access of Wireless LAN would increase our freedoms and improve our professional lives because it allowing us to decide when and where we do our work. Wireless certainly has the potential to improve society, and our personal and professional lives in various ways. It gave us many advantages. 4.0 Negative Impact: The convenience of Bluetooth technology cannot be denied, but neither can the way they have negatively impacted daily living. Some of the effects can be dispensed with if boundaries are set. Here we will discuss some negative impact of Bluetooth. 4.1 Violation of Privacy: Mobile phones and PCs usually contain private stuff such as family pictures, bank account numbers, passwords and so on. Unfortunately, these devices are able to be hacked by Bluetooth. The hacker sends a user a file (lets say an image), when received, it will be opened as a usual image where actually it has a built in hacking software. Once the user opens the image, the hacker will be able to control the users device. 4.2 Sabotage: In the same way as downloading from the internet, transferring data via Bluetooth may harm your device if the data contain viruses. The strength of the viruses varies from one to another; some viruses are easy to be removed while some viruses totally damage the device once they reach the device. 4.3 Health Damage: While the topic remains controversial, there are people who believe the microwave radiation the phones emit can cause such problems as cancer and Alzheimers disease from prolonged use. 4.4 Use in inappropriate places: Using Bluetooth to transfer data in inappropriate places is considered to be harmful and such behavior expresses a negative attitude. E.g. Students in a classroom may get busy transferring data via Bluetooth using their hand phones while their lecturer is giving a lecture. 4.5 Sleazy Contents: A child or a teen-ager may innocently receive a file that contains sexual or immoral contents which are not suitable for their age. 5.0 Conclusion and Recommendation: This project was done to assess the impact of Bluetooth technology on the society in the near future. We have investigated in how and why Bluetooth technology has widely spread and what impact that Bluetooth technology has been giving. In addition, we have explained in details the reasons of this impact. Mainly, the bases we had for this report are from a survey that we have done on 100 students and lecturers from the whole population of Multimedia University and Limkokwing University, Cyberjaya campuses. We used the collected data from this survey to explore the impact of Bluetooth technology on the society as we used MMU and Limkokwing Universities as small societies. We have heavily used the internet to collect information about Bluetooth technology and also to find out its impact on other societies. Why our survey was on only 100 people is that, making a survey on a bigger number of people would be expensive and time consuming. This report might be useful to social specialists to find out why some technologies have more interest on people, Bluetooth developers as they can decrease the negative impact of this technology, and to other people who are interested in the relationship between the technology and the society. Future researchers who are going to do a research on the same topic should keep this in mind, this research has been done based on a questionnaire that was made on people who have almost the same range of age as most of them are university students. Future researchers who have a wider research ranges can make their research on different age ranges. The results of the survey showed that 90 % of the people, who have answered the survey, have Bluetooth-enabled devices. The reason of this huge number of Bluetooth users is that, most of the new electronic devices that are available nowadays have Bluetooth technology. Moreover, about 25 % of the participants, who have Bluetooth-enabled devices, have faced negative impact of Bluetooth technology such as getting hacked or received viruses during data transfer. The reason is that most of them didnt know that Bluetooth may carry viruses or hacking software when data is transferred. Even though Bluetooth technology is widely spread so far, we think it will make life easier and more effective if it is spread on a wider range. For example, providing Bluetooth connection in universities laboratories would make data transferring between researchers, students or lecturers easier. However, care must be taken when using data transfers via Bluetooth since data may have viruses or hacking software. A good solution is to use anti-virus and anti-hacker software. Moreover, children and teenagers have to be watched when using Bluetooth-enabled devices. References: Book: Christian Gehrmann(2004), Bluetooth Security, Artech House Publishers Robert Morrow(2002), Bluetooth : Operation and Use, McGraw-Hill Professional (Telecommunications) Tom Siep (2000), An IEEE Guide: How to Find What You Need in the Bluetooth Spec, Institute of Electrical Online article: Pyramid Media Group, Inc Constantly Connected: Beyond WiFi and Bluetooth, http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0QXQ/is_2005_June_30/ai_n15341855 http://www.swedetrack.com/images/bluet00.htm Articles from magazines: Clive Akass (28 Jan, 2006), Bluetooth to hit 100Mbits/sec, Pc Magazine pp. 41-42 Michael Kwan (Thursday April 6, 2006), Jabra shows off Bluetooth goods at CTIA, Mobile Magazine pp. 23 Appendices: Appendix A: Survey on Bluetooth and its Impact on Society in the near future: Topic: Bluetooth and its impact on the society in the near future We are from EHM 3066 (Engineers and society) class. We are conducting a mini survey regarding the Bluetooth and its impact on society in the near future. Kindly spend a few minutes to answer this questionnaire. Your answers will be kept confidential. We would like to express our advanced gratitude for your co-operation. Instruction: Please TICK (v) in the appropriate boxes or write your responses in the given space: Survey on Bluetooth and its Impact on Society in the near future: We a group of students We would like to kindly invite you to participate in this survey to help us gain valuable information of the Blueooth and its impact on society in the near future. Please tick or write your responses in the given space. A- GENDER omale ofemale B- AGE o18-24 o25-30 o30-35 Other : ____ C- Occupation Do you have any Bluetooth-enabled device? oYes oNo If your answer is yes, what kind of device that you have is equipped with Bluetooth? oHand phone or Personal digital assistance (PDA) oLaptop oPersonal Computer o I dont have oOther : _________ how often do you use bluetooth? onever osometimes ooften oalways What kind of data/file that you use Bluetooth to transfer? oImage oMusic oDocument oSyncronisation Give your opinion on what impact of the Bluetooth on the societ is? Do you support the idea of installing Bluetooth devices in all computers in your company/university Computer Lab in order to increase the usage of Bluetooth? ?Yes ?No Have you known that Bluetooth-enabled devices are able to receive viruses and to get hacked? ?Yes ?No Have you ever got your Bluetooth-enabled device hacked by Bluetooth? ?Yes ?No Have you ever received unwanted data by unknown people ? ?Yes ?No How often do you get busy using Bluetooth to transfer data with another person in places such as classrooms or while you are driving? onever osometimes ooften oalways

Napoleon Bonaparte Essay -- History Biography Biographies Essays

Napoleon Bonaparte   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Napoleon Bonaparte is considered to be one of the greatest conquers and captains of modern times. In history perhaps no one person has ever aroused so many intense opposite emotions. Perhaps no one had ever claimed as much of the admiration, fear, and hatred of all men as did Napoleon. Napoleon was a man with many sides. He started many of his challenging voyages and defeats as a young child and they continued throughout his life. He had many accomplishments and many defeats that affect the world in which we live. Napoleon plays a very big part in history.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Napoleon Bonaparte was born on August 15, 1769, at Ajaccio, in Corsica. His parents were Charles Marie Bonaparte and Marie-Letizia Ramolino who also lived in Corsica.. Although Corsica was Napoleon's home most of his schooling was conducted in France. On December 15, 1778, at the age of nine, Napoleon left Ajaccio to go and study the French Language at a school in Brienne. Later, at the age of sixteen, Napoleon decided to enter the artillery so that maybe his brains and industry would balance his lack of outward advantages. On October 28, 1785 he joined the LA Fere located in Valence. A little over ten years later he decided to get married to Joshephine de Beauharnais from Martinique in the Indies. After many years of marriage, Napoleon realized that his wife was getting older and he had no heirs, so in 1809 he divorced her to look for a younger bride. In 1810 he met and married Archduchess, Marie Louise the eighteen-year-old daughter of Emperor Francis I of Austr ia. During their marriage Napoleon and his new wife conceived one child, a boy also named Napoleon.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Napoleon was a man known for his greatest powers and successes as a leader. One of the many successful things Napoleon did early in his life was develop a highly successful military strategy. His tragedy consisted of starting a battle with an enemy while holding his forces back. He would then look for the enemies weakest points and throw all his strength against that point. This newly developed strategy helped him to win many of his attacks such as his attack on and defeat in Italy against Austria and his battle and defeat in Egypt against the Turks.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After Napoleon's defeats in Egypt he returned to France where he seized control of the French government in November 1799. After ten years of revolut... ...n hands. However, in the states he created, Napoleon granted constitutions, introduced law codes, abolished feudalism, created efficient governments, and fostered education, science, literature, and arts. Napoleon still remains one of the outstanding figures of his time even though he was selfish in his power and had some occasional defeats.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Today in the world in which we live many people look back at Napoleon as a legend. Although he has many lasting affects on the world and holds a very important part in history, today that kind of aggressive dictatorship would not be tolerated. When people look back at Napoleon's leadership they think of all the needless wars and lives that were lost due to his obsession with power. Today, people would not want to live under the strict control of any form of government like dictatorship. When many people think of this form of government they are very cautious because with dictatorship comes a very restricted life. People do not want any one individual to have all the power because bad decisions are made sometimes and the people have to pay. People would rather have control of their own government instead of it having control of them.

Alone Together: The Impact Of Social Media and Its Relationship to Loneliness Essay

Alone Together: The Impact Of Social Media and Its Relationship to Loneliness In the school, parks, restaurants, or streets we can always see a person who is busy â€Å"tweeting†, checking Facebook, or putting pictures to Instagram. Earlier in the past, people would spent their free time with family and friends, reading books, going to the park with kids, and playing games outside. If in the last century, people could say, â€Å"You are what your friends are†; nowadays, you are what you â€Å"like†, post, or share on Facebook. Social media networks have became some of the most entertaining and popular things all over the world, as well as it makes us remember the quote by T.S. Eliot: â€Å"Distracted from distraction by distraction.† Social media is a network of web-sites where people share or discus information; also, it is a great op- portunity to communicate long-distance and build new friendships. Although, social network was designed for people to become closer and h elp to improve their relations, it also declined out at- tempt to communicate in person. In urban life, social media makes such a lonely activity for us — to be stuck in front of the screen. The paradox of social technology that reduces our social in- volvement does affect a lot of people, and can lead to social awkwardness and loneliness. As big as the media itself, it connects all of us in every single aspect, but makes us to be alone together. How does social networks reduce our social involvement? There are three ways through which social media brings us to isolation from the real world: it is easy available, entertaining and very popular. At first, it is so easy and free to make an account on social website, such as Tweeter, Facebook, MySpase, Skype and so on. Because many of us have internet on out phones, it makes it more available and on the go. The statistics shows that, â€Å"over a billion people belong to Face- book, the world’s largest online social network, and over half of them log in daily† (Kross). Being around your friends or in school, we would not realize that we keep looking at our phones, and checking the latest news. Social networks m ake it easy for us to control distances — weather you choose open up for people, or keep them away, there is always a capability for you to keep your distance just right. I use social networks in my regular life, and it helps me to communicate with my family from all around the world. It is easier and cheeper for all of us; we do not have to spent money on our plane tickets, and cancel our plans,  because we can connect over the com- puter. On another hand, the technology reduces chances for me to travel and visit my family. In this way, we can see how easily our conversations transform to connections. People do not have to plan meetings and events in person, because they can connect, press button, and promote everything. Nowadays, most of the things we search for is through â€Å"the easy way†. Wether its interviews, shopping, planning birthday events or reunions, anything what we would usually do in person, now we do without getting out of our houses, and even without leaving our room. By sitting in front of the screen, and doing our â€Å"easy available† activities, we isolate ourselves from social life, which is also shows our laziness based on advantages of technology. Another of the ways though which social network isolating us from the real life, is the entertainment of it. People in general cannot live without something that can make them feel ï ¿ ¼happy and satisfied. Its a great source for us to get entertained, because being online we can present ourselves that we want to be. People can filter all the negatives and show only the positives through uploading pictures, statuses or other information. Social networks such Facebook have a huge amount of groups where people can share their interests; therefore, we have no need for meeting people in person, if we know whats going on in their lives through computer. It is of course helps more introvert people to find new friendships, but it does opposite outcome for more extrovert people, who get addicted to online society. Like video games, and mass media, social media has a great influence on us to get stuck at home. In one of the journals by Graeme Hutton, explains the connection between entertainment activities and humans: Passive social media activities — online reading and viewing, for instance — typically demand less involvement and cognitive processing than such active pursuits as writing, creating video, and posting to sites. Consumers are more likely to be involved in passive rather than active usage largely because such activities demand less conscious effort (566). The quote shows the relation that has speed up our social media use; which is also reminds us of the â€Å"easy available† entertaining activities that lead us to spent less time in public. More people get lonely, or depressed without socializing, and you can benefit from social network, that give you an opportunity to connect, or in some cases to disconnect from people. Finally, when you create a free account, make your profile and put  your â€Å"life† into it, most of people want to get famous. In another words, we want everyone to know what we are doing, and see how many people â€Å"like† or â€Å"share† it with us. People want to be popular, so their news get a top rank on a â€Å"news feed†, such as one on Facebook. We â€Å"engage socially online†, because we have â€Å"needs to promote ourselves† (Hutton 566). But as we search through our news feed we can see already â€Å"popular† people, who usually very good looking, or rich, or successful in their lives. Such little things makes us feel insecure about ourselves, and think that we are not good, pretty, smart enough. After these activities, some of us get soc ially awkward and do not want to attend the public, which will lead our road to loneliness. On another hand, the â€Å"popular† people spent a big amount of hours on the computer to promote themselves, which makes them lonely from the lack of activities they could have done outdoor with their friends. This example makes us to see the paradox of social technology, where we can feel cut off from other people even if they around us. In the short future, our generation will have a plugged-in lives. The explanation of it is that more and more people will get lazy, fake, insecure or jealous that would lead our society to shift. We would have more stereotype than unique people, because it will be â€Å"easier† for us to communicate with people such like us ourselves. Lack of emotions will increase, because people will forget how it is to have a facial expression. Loneliness will take the major spot, because we will be scared to act in front of other people whether than the screen. World will become a smaller place, but in this case it will fundamentally affect our so cial life. We will be alone, but together seeking for connection, and if people want to escape from loneliness, they would have to rely on new technology; therefore make it a vicious cycle.

The Struggle between Social Classes

Rich girl marrying a poor boy or vice versa—this is a very recurrent theme in love stories of all times. In the film genre, this theme also serves as a topic of interest as it reveals the conflict between the upper and the lower classes in society. In Jack Clayton’s (1959) film, Room at the Top, the director shows how the struggle between the two classes operates in the British society after the World War II. Depicting a poor man’s struggle as he tries to alter his place in society, the film attempts to mirror the reality that the poor will likely give in to the intention of the rich in view of economic struggle.Analysis of the characterisation, plot, theme, and motifs used in the film provides viewers a better knowledge of the two social classes. Characterisation The beginning of the film strongly suggests representations of the lower class. The main character, Joe Lampton (played by Laurence Harvey) is depicted sitting comfortably on a train, with his feet rais ed on the opposite seat, thus showing his mended socks. The introduction alone shows the man’s class standing, as he cannot afford to buy a new pair of socks, and resorts instead to wearing an old and tottered pair.This attitude of settling with the second best or whatever is available is reflected in his choice of women. Realising the difficulty of having Susan Brown as his girl due to the conflict in their social standing, Joe resorts to Alice Aisgill (played by Simone Signoret), his colleague, despite their big age difference. A number of juxtapositions are presented in the film. For instance, in spite of Joe’s financial incapability as symbolised by the socks, he wears the usual coat and tie as he reports for work.Whilst the first denotes poverty, the other suggests decency. Note that the coat and tie is customary in the British society especially in business affairs. As such, he and his colleagues wear the same type of clothing, which somehow levels off their stat us with that of the rich. Nevertheless, this does not change Joe’s social standing, and the way Susan’s family and friends view him. Based on his position as an accountant in Borough’s Treasurer’s Department, Joe is unquestionably educated.However, this does not necessarily help raise his social status as one belonging to the working class. This implies that it is not enough for a person to obtain education and a white-collared job in order to rise in the social hierarchy. Rather, marriage to a rich girl such as Susan, the daughter of a factory owner, could change one’s fortune as proposed later in the film. Juxtaposition is likewise established between the characters. For instance, Joe’s character is presented in opposition with Susan’s suitor, who is influential and sociable.Joe, being a newcomer in the Dufton, seldom socialises with his colleagues, and instead relates closely with a few of them, including Alice, whom he falls in lo ve with later. He is also seen in contrast with Susan, the girl who attracts him a lot. Their social standing primarily draws the line between them. Whilst Joe needs to work hard and establish connection with his colleagues, Susan does not need to work, and instead spends her time acting in local theatre. Also, whilst Joe transfers to Dufton to obtain employment, Susan is free to go on vacation as she pleases.Moreover, juxtaposition is also established between the two female characters, Alice and Susan. Aside from the women’s ages and marital status, they also differ in social status, in that Alice is an average office worker, whilst Susan is the daughter of an owner of a factory. This social difference between the two results in a struggle between them as Susan gets pregnant. Although Joe loves Alice more, and has planned to marry her, Mr. Brown’s (Susan’s father) proposition convinces Joe to change his mind, thus making way for the bourgeois to win over the pr oletarian.In addition, Alice’s former marriage to their colleague also makes less favourable, especially since her former husband would not agree to divorce. Considering this, the film does not only present struggles between social classes; it also demonstrates struggles based on gender as the women’s fate depends on Joe’s final decision. Further to the contrast between Alice and Susan, the former demonstrates more freedom of will, as she does things she likes, ie, shifts career, separates from her husband, and establishes relationship with Joe.Her habit of cigarette smoking throughout the film shows Alice’s easy-going and independent character; although it reflects her tensions in life at the same time. In contrast, Susan is pictured as a fresh and young girl, healthy-looking and innocent. Her social status prevents her from associating with the lower class, such as Joe, but it does not ultimately defeats her will to be independent. Plot The plot of the film supports the idea of struggle between the social classes. It shows a single unified structure, with the conflict appearing near the end, as Joe decides to marry Susan due to the latter’s pregnant condition.His decision conflicts with his wish to marry Alice. Thus, when the latter finds out, she gets totally devastated, and drowns in her sorrow and alcohol, which later leads to her death by car accident. Earlier in the story, Susan’s parents try to separate her from Joe by making her take a vacation. This motive demonstrates the struggle between social classes, in that the bourgeois discriminates the other, by preventing marriage between them. Later on, as Mr. Brown realises his daughter’s condition, he tries to buy off Joe, and offers to make him rich if Joe does what he commands.Initially, Joe exercises his pride and rejects the offer, but realising that Alice cannot be married with him, and that life with Susan would make his life comfortable, he agrees t o the proposition and marries Susan. As such, the class struggle is evident. Mr. Brown uses his money and power to buy off Joe. For his part, Joe cannot disagree with Mr. Brown for he sees this opportunity to escape his current social status. Being Susan’s husband, Joe does not need to work anymore, and all else will go smoothly because Susan is very wealthy.However, just as Joe attempts to escape his own social structure, he is haunted by it, with the death of Alice. Along with the proposition of Mr. Brown to make Joe a rich man is the defeat of the proletarian class. As Joe accepts the offer, he disremembers Alice’s sacrifices and love for him. What is sadder about it is knowing how little time it takes Joe to decide about leaving Alice. As shown in the film, everything happens over one dinner, too short a time to change plans or think things over; thus implying the power of money to further establish social injustice and discrimination, and in turn disregard social equality.Theme The main theme of the film, which is the struggle between social structures, relates to Marxist perspectives. Specifically, the presence of the two opposing structures, the bourgeois (as presented by Susan and her family) and the proletarian (Joe, Alice, and the other employees) implies the conflict in the film. As Marx & Engels (1848) claim, there is a social struggle that exists between the bourgeois or the middle class, â€Å"that sprouted from the ruins of feudal society,† and â€Å"established new classes, new conditions of oppression, new forms of struggle in place of the old ones.† In the film, as Mr. Brown gives Joe the marriage proposal, he implies designing Joe’s entire life—his marriage and career, in order to make sure it fits the structure that Susan is born with. Such plan illustrates â€Å"a new condition of oppression,† a new form of struggle for the proletarian. Physical attraction is what leads to the theme of socia l struggle. Everything starts as Joe becomes attracted to Susan and vice versa. Indeed, the two social classes would not conflict with each other if not for Joe’s feelings for Susan.In this consideration, one may see that the effort to reach or blend with another social class may result in a much worse conflict between them. However, such conflict could later lead to â€Å"permanently changing social relations within the system† (Strasser and Randall, 1981, p. 44). Thus, Susan’s pregnancy leads to â€Å"the development of new patterns of social relations,† between him and the Browns. Suddenly, Susan’s parents accept Joe as their daughter’s husband, owing to the reputation that they try to maintain in society.Motifs As mentioned above, the proletarian or working class is given focus in the film. Clayton uses realistic setting and motifs to depict the lives of the working class of the 50s. Amongst these include the dark, small houses where Ali ce and Joe spend their love affair, the male boarding house where Joe resides with her friend Soames, the local train which characterises the transportation means of the common people, and Joe’s seemingly abandoned house where he brings Susan the night they elope.The use of realistic setting thus emphasises the life lived by the proletarians. Juxtaposition is likewise applied to the setting. When Joe visits Susan, he is amazed by the huge house, which consists of the long halls, partitioned rooms, and the big lawn. Servants are available any moment they are needed. This is in full contrast with Alice’s place, which is dark and small. Aside from setting, the behaviour of the characters likewise mimics the ways of the working class.For instance, cigarette smoking is used vehemently throughout the film, giving impression of the start of the â€Å"new wave† era (Wickham, n. d. ), although such practices may be deemed destructive of the image of the working class. Li kewise, the affair between workers despite being committed is also hinted on, which reveals the low regard for morality of the said social class. Furthermore, the Alice’s fate at the end also reveals the proletarian’s lack of strength to face reality, the tendency to be alcoholic, and the low self-esteem amongst them.In contrast, the ways of the bourgeois are seen in better light. They are dressed neatly on each occasion; specifically, Susan’s mother shows modesty by the way she behaves and carries herself even whilst at home, whilst Susan shows coyness towards Joe. However, the proletarians are pictured with more social dynamics than their counterpart. This is seen as Soemes introduces Joe to their officemates. Everyone, despite their positions in the company, welcomes Joe with glee, whilst Susan’s suitor intimidates him.During the party where Joe and Susan meet again, the guests seated with the Browns look at Joe with contempt, after finding out that he does not belong to their social circle. In sum, whilst the proletarians are depicted as misguided and weak, the bourgeois are seen as virulent and vile. The monotonous music that the director employs does not entirely affect the whole of the film, yet it helps highlight important scenes such as the introduction, the falling in love and break up between Joe and Alice, the news about Alice’s death, the wedding, etc.Likewise, the actors’ costumes, which are limited to office and home settings, depict the simplicity of the people in the 50s. The director’s effort to make everything look realistic, from the setting, the costumes, the love scenes, the dialogues to the props, allows the viewers to see the film in a realistic perspective. Moreover, the plot structure, which shows the dilemma of a man in choosing between the woman he loves but cannot possess and the woman who merely attracts her but is prepared to be his wife, adds to the realism of the film.The only el ement that seems irrelevant yet not impossible is the time when Joe encounters the mob just before his wedding. This scene is irrelevant to the plot, but may have been added to achieve catharsis. Since Joe is the cause of Alice’s accidental death, he is made to pay for what he does before he marries Susan. Despite the irrelevance of the mob scene to the plot, it nevertheless presents other aspects of the proletarians.As depicted in the film, the men that beat Joe are not scavengers; rather, they are working men, considering the way they are dressed up. Based on this scene, the proletarians in the British society are pictured as ruthless just like the bourgeois who would buy off people’s freedom in order to make their daughter happy. As Joe decides to leave Alice for Susan, the film once again shows that in the face of struggle between the two classes, it is usually those in the upper class that emerge as the winner, leaving behind the poor at the losing end.References Marx, K. & Engels, F. (1848) The manifesto, Available at [Accessed on 23rd July 2009]. Room at the Top (1959) Directed by Jack Clayton, London, British Lion Films [video:DVD]. Strasser, H. & Randall, S. (1981) An introduction to theories of social change. London, Routledge. Wickham, P. (N. d. ). Room at the Top (1958). Available at [Accessed on 23rd July 2009].