Gambling And Pete Rose Essay Research Paper free essay sample

Betting And Pete Rose Essay, Research Paper See an understudy who breezes through a finishing up assessment affected by illicit medications. The teacher may be slanted to name the constabulary, however at that place? s no ground why the student shouldn? T get the class he earned. At that point see another understudy who undermines a similar test. No offense has been submitted, yet as a student that? s the most noticeably terrible conceivable conduct, and merits the harshest discipline. # 216 ; Gambling is the most noticeably terrible thing a baseball player can make, since it subverts the solidarity of the game. Pete Rose did the most noticeably terrible thing a baseball player could make by non simply risking on games in the NBA the NFL and school athleticss, yet close to ball games. Dwindle Edwards Rose was researched by Major League Baseball and a consultation was planned for May of 1989. The booked hearing neer took topographic point but Pete Rose was suspended from baseball and put on the ineligibility list. Pete could use for re-instatement after one twelvemonth. In any case, short of what one twelvemonth along these lines the Baseball Hall of Fame added a condition to it? s qualification guidelines saying that members who were on Baseball? s ineligibility rundown could non be considered as campaigners. Official Bud Selig said that the application would be considered at a suitable clasp. In 1997 Pete Rose applied for re-instatement around eight mature ages after he was chief qualified to make so. He was turned down # 216 ; The request I raise is should Peter Edwards Rose be accepted into the Baseball Hall of Fame for his exceptional dramatization on the baseball field, or be prevented it on the grounds that from securing a risking reliance. In my feeling Pete Rose ought to be enlisted into the Hall of Fame, what's more be re-instated into Major Association Baseball. Indeed Rose perpetrated a baseball offense and hesitantly conceded to it yet every piece contrasted with a portion of the individuals in the Hall of Fame and in baseball Rose is the same. Guies who ingest medications or pulverize their wedded womans wear? t get such harsh punishment and a large number of them are still in the Hall of Fame and baseball. # 216 ; In today? s universe gaming is viewed as a reliance. On the off chance that this is the case so why non leting Pete Rose to be re-instated into baseball on the off chance that he consented to hold reding on the issue. President Clinton submitted Acts of the Apostless that about got him arraigned yet the state pardoned him and he is as yet the Leader of the United States, but then after 10 mature ages Pete Rose has non yet been re-instated to baseball or even permitted to participate in legitimate occasions. # 216 ; In a campaign late led on Ivotefor.com 75 % or 198 of the 263 individuals surveyed said that Pete Rose ought to be re-instated, while a negligible 25 % or 65 said that Pete Rose should avoid baseball. The Hall of Fame is each piece a lot for the fans all things considered for the members. At that point why International Relations and Security Network? t one of the most loved athleticss figures permitted to go on his baseball calling and be enlisted into the Passage of Fame. # 216 ; Rose late took another measure closer to being re-instated. He has supported an Official Pete Rose Online Petition set up at www.sportcut.com. The solicitation will be sent on January 31, 2000 to the Baseball Passage of Fame with all marks. I ask you to decide in favor of Pete Rose online to better his chances. # 216 ; In 1999 Pete Rose was chosen for the entire century crew.

Post Mortem results and findings of the entire project Essay Example for Free

Posthumous outcomes and discoveries of the whole task Essay This MEMO will cover the advantages and downsides of a Post Mortem survey. It will inform all who will be required to participate in the last survey meeting. It will likewise go over what we would like to find after the end of the task. After death Review Pros and Cons Masters: Gives an impartial audit of the project’s life. Empowers venture administrator to dissect the discoveries of the audit and enhance certain viewpoints in the following undertaking that need consideration. Gives a decent point of view of everything that was cultivated. This empowers the group and administrator to feel a feeling of pride and fulfillment from work all around done. When the audit has been examined, it empowers the undertaking to formally find some conclusion. Cons: Difficult to guarantee every single key player, partners, and supervisors go to the gathering during such an early time of the recently incorporated system’s life. Work force Required to Attend: Certain individuals inside the organization are relied upon to go to the after death survey meeting either face to face, or by phone gathering. These individuals include: the entirety of the supervisors who went to the preparation and were included all through this undertaking. Partners, proprietors, top officials, the task group, and the engineers of the new framework should be in participation. Expectations: The task group and chief want to find the accompanying: The general achievement of the venture. Any ruins or inadequacies that surfaced. The owners’ assessments of the final product. The managers’ suppositions. The developers’ notes on how well the managers’ were prepared. The contemplations of the task group and how they feel improvement could be made.

How to Write a Science Research Paper

How to Write a Science Research PaperWriting a science research paper can be hard, and it doesn't have to be. You can start by reviewing your current data and planning your experiment. Once you are ready to start writing, you can start by outlining your experiment.Brainstorm as many ways to organize your data as possible. It is important to brainstorm so that you don't get stuck trying to think of a way to organize your data. Once you come up with a good plan, write your data out in a manner that is organized. Your experiment should be planned out before you begin writing.Don't give up too soon on your experiment. Often times, there will be information that you don't understand. Once you have your idea for the experiment, do some research. Find out more about your topic of study. You want to be prepared to defend your hypothesis.Once you have the data you need to conduct your experiment, list down each piece of information. You should also take note of the uncertainty in your data. I t is necessary to remember that all of your information should be real. Don't trust your imagination. Give yourself a deadline for when you need to have your data back.Be sure to organize your final data. A research paper is not completed until the last piece of data is properly documented. This data should also be typed so that you can type it out. An easier method of organizing your data would be to convert your Word document into a spreadsheet.Keep your data well organized and look at it closely for any mistakes. It is important to make your data from a point where you can make a scientific argument that supports your hypothesis. Thisis very different than being able to rely on your reasoning skills alone.Have a little confidence when you do your experiment. You don't want to make mistakes that will cost you time and money. You want to be confident that you can accurately predict what will happen in your experiment.Writing a science research paper is never easy. Just keep a posit ive attitude and follow these tips for writing a science research paper.

Corporate Social Responsibility Essay -- CSR Essays

Lately, organizations are getting socially dependable and now partners nearly anticipate that an organization should have CSR approaches. In this manner, in twentieth century, corporate social duty (CSR) turned into a significant improvement in open life (Barnett, ND).Corporate social duty is characterized as â€Å"the manners by which an association surpasses the base commitments to partners indicated through guideline and corporate governance† (Johnson, Schools and Whittington, N.D refered to in March, 2012). Partners can be characterized as â€Å"those people or gatherings who rely upon the association to satisfy their own objectives and on whom, thusly, the association depends† (Johnson, Schools and Whittington, N.D refered to in March, 2012). There are numerous reasons for this paper, the primary design is to descried the key standards of corporate social duty and clarify their significance for partners. Besides, is to show how far this organization follows those s tandards so as to be responsible to in any event three of its partners. In this exposition, three partners, condition, clients and workers will be assessed separately and the key standards of the partners will be analyzed. There is a connection between corporate social obligation and the key standards of the partners, which an organization ought to follow to be mindful to its partners. The primary partner is condition and the key standard utilized for it isn't harm the earth for instance, reusing, managing their squanders and emanations. The subsequent partner is the workers. The key guideline for the representatives is organizations giving safe and wellbeing working conditions for their staff. In addition, the representatives win a fitting pay for ... ...012] - Starbucks. 2011: Recycling and Reducing Waste Available from: http://www.starbucks.com/obligation/condition/reusing [Accessed on eleventh of March 2012] - Starbucks Newsroom. 2010: Starbucks battles with decreasing natural effects. Accessible from: http://news.starbucks.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=472 [Accessed on eleventh of March 2012] - Starbucks Newsroom. 2010: Starbucks to Provide Additional Lower Calorie Options this January. Accessible from: http://news.starbucks.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=313 [Accessed on eleventh of March 2012] - The reuse times. 2011: Starbucks takes care of business: addresses contamination charges by setting up a reuse procedure. Accessible from: http://therecycletimes.com/2011/04/starbucks-takes care of business addresses-contamination charges by-setting-up-a-reuse process/ [Accessed on eleventh of March 2012]

The role of federal agencies in fighting digital crime Essay

The job of government offices in battling computerized wrongdoing - Essay Example These offices must be state-of-the-art pretty much all the computerized organizing with the goal that they can help secure the everyday citizens, organizations and governments from getting cheated or played by advanced crooks. They realize that it is the prerequisite to keep their systems in managing this risk increasingly inventive with the goal that this issue can be taken care of suitably. Generally the security offices that work under the legislature are progressively powerful in countering computerized wrongdoings since they have increasingly money related help and consequently are all the more mechanically progressed. Political help additionally assumes an indispensable job in expanding their noteworthiness. High need is given to forestall advanced wrongdoing and endeavors are being made to spot violations before they happen. There are different organizations that are attempting to forestall this issue. One of these offices is the Secret Service. This office is liable for the anticipation of three computerized wrongdoings, which are money related institutional fakes that incorporate reserve funds, advances and banks, the entrance contrived cheats that incorporate Visas, individual distinguishing proof numbers and passwords, and last yet not the least advanced violations directed on the national level. Another organization that attempts to forestall advanced wrongdoing is the Department of Justice. This division deals with the examinations identified with PC hacking, electronic protection laws and different other advanced wrongdoings. It fundamentally deals with all the lawful ramifications of computerized violations. The division of Homeland Security organization is the mix of two offices: U.S Customs Service and Immigration and naturalization, and the advanced wrongdoing that is researched here with most significant level of need is the youngster misuse case (Wiles, 2007, p.90). Government Bureau of Investigation is one of the biggest criminal researching offices in the United States and in computerized wrongdoings it handles the hacking, misrepresentation through the web, sending of illicit material over the state outskirts and so on. It works with the

10 Unique Graduation Gift Ideas for High Schoolers

1. LED Message Writing BoardHaving a quick and easy place to take or leave notes is incredibly helpful, particularly if your child is going to be sharing a dorm room with another student.An LED message writing board is essentially an upgraded version of a whiteboard, letting them express themselves with colorful pens against a background that glows.If you want to make it a particularly unique graduation gift, open it in advance and write a quick note to your child that theyll only discover after they unpack in their new place. It gives you a chance to include a beautiful message of support when they were least expecting it.2. Wireless Noise-Canceling HeadphonesIf your student doesnt have a set of wireless noise-canceling headphones, now is a perfect time to give this unique graduation gift.College campuses can be noisy places and, if they are going to have a roommate, being able to drown out other sounds in their space can be incredibly helpful. Plus, if they want to watch a movie or enjoy some music, they dont have to worry about bothering anyone else either.3. High-Quality Multi-ToolHave you ever needed a screwdriver or pliers only to realize that you dont have any? Well, your student is about to walk out into the world and probably doesnt have a single tool to their name.While bringing an entire toolbox to college isnt practical, having a high-quality multi-tool on-hand is perfectly plausible. These convenient contraptions usually have screwdrivers, pliers, scissors, a ruler, and more tucked into a compact casing. Just make sure to check their dorm policies regarding edges, as many multi-tools do have short blades, and some properties may restrict them.In some cases, you can have the side of a multi-tool engraver, so you can include a fun, personalized message along with the convenience of practical tools.4. F in Exams by Richard BensonIf your child tends to stress out when they make a mistake, consider giving them a copy of F in Exams by Richard Branson.The book is a collection of incorrect answers that were actually given to a variety of test questions. The answers are amusing, and the book can serve as a great reminder that, while your child might make a mistake on an exam, they likely wont be as bad as these.Related articles:8 Essential Life Skills to Teach Your High Schooler Before They Head to College4 Graduation Party Foods Tips for Great Graduation CelebrationSpring Cleaning for Your High School Senior Heading to College5. Personal Shower LockerPart shower caddy, part security box, a personal shower locker allows your student to keep all of their shower items out of the hands of their roommates (no shampoo thieves here!) thanks to the waterproof combination lock. The back of the locker has two commercial-grade suction cups, ensuring that the locker remains safely mounted to the wall.6. Open When LettersAn open when letter is a note stashed in an envelope that has specific instructions regarding when it should be opened.For exa mple, one letter might be labeled, Open when you feel lonely, while another would say, Open when you need motivation.All you need to do is write the letter, seal it in an envelope, and make sure an appropriate instruction is printed on the outside.If you would prefer to get a few prompts, consider the book Letters to Open When: Write Now. Read Later. Treasure Forever. You get a set of pre-labeled envelopes that can help you get started.7. Luggage and Luggage TagsNot every college-bound child has their own set of luggage. But, if you want to make sure that trips home are easy to manage, now may be the perfect time to provide them with a set.Select a luggage set in their favorite color or design (make sure the carry-on size meets most airline requirements for bringing them onboard) and add a fun luggage tag to make it a unique graduation gift they can appreciate for years to come.8. Livescribe PenThe Livescribe is a smartpen that allows your child to take handwritten notes and record audio that can be automatically sent to their digital devices. Your student can even sync up the audio timing to a specific point in their notes, allowing them to record lectures and associate portions of the discussion to a particular section of their written notes.Plus, the notes become searchable, helping your child find the details they need with greater ease.9. The Naked Roommate by Harlan CohenAnother fun book that makes a unique graduation gift is Harlan Cohens The Naked Roommate and 107 Other Issues You Might Run Into in College. The book gives solid advice designed to help any college freshman, covering topics ranging from money management to stress to difficult roommates.The book is currently in its 4th edition, and the original was a New York Times bestseller.10. The Scholarship System Online CourseWhen making this list, I realized that our online course could be the gift that keeps on giving, helping your graduate secure scholarships all throughout college. If they need money for college, even if they need money for THIS fall, they can apply all throughout summer. You can learn more about our 6 Steps to Quickly Securing Scholarships for College here, including a free training to see if you think its the right gift for your student. If you join our free training, you will receive a discount to the course as well.BONUS: Making Money a Unique Graduation Gift Graduating from high school is a major milestone in nearly everyones life. It marks a transition into adulthood, even for those who are continuing their studies by heading off to college.Providing graduates with a unique graduation gift is an excellent way to show that you recognize their hard work and dedication, and that you wish them luck as they begin to strike out on their own.While many people turn to traditional gifts to mark the occasion, providing your student with a unique graduation gift is a fun way to make the moment special. And, just because a present is nontraditional, that doesnt mean it cant be useful.If you are struggling to figure out what to get your student, here are 10 unique graduation gift ideas that are suitable for almost every college-bound high schooler.1. LED Message Writing BoardHaving a quick and easy place to take or leave notes is incredibly helpful, particularly if your child is going to be sharing a dorm room with another student.An LED message wri ting board is essentially an upgraded version of a whiteboard, letting them express themselves with colorful pens against a background that glows.If you want to make it a particularly unique graduation gift, open it in advance and write a quick note to your child that theyll only discover after they unpack in their new place. It gives you a chance to include a beautiful message of support when they were least expecting it.2. Wireless Noise-Canceling HeadphonesIf your student doesnt have a set of wireless noise-canceling headphones, now is a perfect time to give this unique graduation gift.College campuses can be noisy places and, if they are going to have a roommate, being able to drown out other sounds in their space can be incredibly helpful. Plus, if they want to watch a movie or enjoy some music, they dont have to worry about bothering anyone else either.3. High-Quality Multi-ToolHave you ever needed a screwdriver or pliers only to realize that you dont have any? Well, your stud ent is about to walk out into the world and probably doesnt have a single tool to their name.While bringing an entire toolbox to college isnt practical, having a high-quality multi-tool on-hand is perfectly plausible. These convenient contraptions usually have screwdrivers, pliers, scissors, a ruler, and more tucked into a compact casing. Just make sure to check their dorm policies regarding edges, as many multi-tools do have short blades, and some properties may restrict them.In some cases, you can have the side of a multi-tool engraver, so you can include a fun, personalized message along with the convenience of practical tools.4. F in Exams by Richard BensonIf your child tends to stress out when they make a mistake, consider giving them a copy of F in Exams by Richard Branson.The book is a collection of incorrect answers that were actually given to a variety of test questions. The answers are amusing, and the book can serve as a great reminder that, while your child might make a mistake on an exam, they likely wont be as bad as these.Related articles:8 Essential Life Skills to Teach Your High Schooler Before They Head to College4 Graduation Party Foods Tips for Great Graduation CelebrationSpring Cleaning for Your High School Senior Heading to College5. Personal Shower LockerPart shower caddy, part security box, a personal shower locker allows your student to keep all of their shower items out of the hands of their roommates (no shampoo thieves here!) thanks to the waterproof combination lock. The back of the locker has two commercial-grade suction cups, ensuring that the locker remains safely mounted to the wall.6. Open When LettersAn open when letter is a note stashed in an envelope that has specific instructions regarding when it should be opened.For example, one letter might be labeled, Open when you feel lonely, while another would say, Open when you need motivation.All you need to do is write the letter, seal it in an envelope, and make sure an approp riate instruction is printed on the outside.If you would prefer to get a few prompts, consider the book Letters to Open When: Write Now. Read Later. Treasure Forever. You get a set of pre-labeled envelopes that can help you get started.7. Luggage and Luggage TagsNot every college-bound child has their own set of luggage. But, if you want to make sure that trips home are easy to manage, now may be the perfect time to provide them with a set.Select a luggage set in their favorite color or design (make sure the carry-on size meets most airline requirements for bringing them onboard) and add a fun luggage tag to make it a unique graduation gift they can appreciate for years to come.8. Livescribe PenThe Livescribe is a smartpen that allows your child to take handwritten notes and record audio that can be automatically sent to their digital devices. Your student can even sync up the audio timing to a specific point in their notes, allowing them to record lectures and associate portions of the discussion to a particular section of their written notes.Plus, the notes become searchable, helping your child find the details they need with greater ease.9. The Naked Roommate by Harlan CohenAnother fun book that makes a unique graduation gift is Harlan Cohens The Naked Roommate and 107 Other Issues You Might Run Into in College. The book gives solid advice designed to help any college freshman, covering topics ranging from money management to stress to difficult roommates.The book is currently in its 4th edition, and the original was a New York Times bestseller.10. The Scholarship System Online CourseWhen making this list, I realized that our online course could be the gift that keeps on giving, helping your graduate secure scholarships all throughout college. If they need money for college, even if they need money for THIS fall, they can apply all throughout summer. You can learn more about our 6 Steps to Quickly Securing Scholarships for College here, including a free tra ining to see if you think its the right gift for your student. If you join our free training, you will receive a discount to the course as well.BONUS: Making Money a Unique Graduation GiftLets face facts; nearly every high school graduate could use a little cash in their pocket.Money isnt inherently a unique graduation gift, but it can be if you focus on presentation.Consider placing some cash in a shadow box and use stick-on letters to spell Break Glass In Case of Emergency on the glass (though also show them how to open the box, because breaking glass isnt really the safest move). You could also fold the cash into origami shapes or buy a puzzle box that has to be solved for them to reach the money.There are a lot of fun ways to present cash, so consider what may speak to your childs sense of humor and explore your options.By choosing to give a unique graduation gift, you can create a lasting memory between yourself and your child before they head to college.So, dont feel like you have to give a traditional present. You can provide them with something helpful without defaulting to a standard, so feel free to have a little fun while you choose.

Shale Rock Geology, Composition, Uses

Poems of Siegfried Sassoon - 2159 Words

POETRY With the poems of Siegfried Sassoon we are moving from the conventional way of writing in the approach of the issue of war, in what sense First of all his approach is an anti- war approach , he is not encouraging young people to join the war , he speaking of war as being a cause of death. Because he is less conventional; he is less traditional , he is writing poems labeled until now as anti war poems , we find the division of his sentences, rhyme in words, the division of the poem into 2 stanzas, conversational style, we can say that he is turning to heritage that is used by the modernists . If we are to examine this poem with other poems from the modern literature , we will find that it does complete some of the demands†¦show more content†¦The soldiers are shedding their blood to allow a new race to grow and come out from his land , their blood is the price of this race. Look at the idea he is presenting in sending these young soldiers to war , trying to convince the listeners and the soldiers day by day ,that when you join the war you will become more mature , more experienced and you will gain honor ,for yourself and family, you are purifying your land by your own blood . Let s see how many times the word they has been repeated 4 times in 6 lines , forgetting about the soldiers identities and individuality , so the group is not meant as individual, the decision maker can make use of them to defeat the other party without having to give them identities and different personalities . They will not be the same ..he is not concentrating on something specific. Who is the anti-Christ Speaking of the enemy, the church is criticizing the other countries believes, he is generalizing , in fact this stanza is written in an ironical way, to satirize and attack the bishop who stands for all the bishops of the other churches in England at that time who is making a kind of a propaganda for the sake of the decision maker = the political system , so they are practicing this attribute of advertising , and emphasizing the idea of war on the society , he is speaking in theShow MoreRelatedSiegfried Sassoon ´s Poem811 Words   |  3 Pagespoet, Siegfried Sassoon, who created poems that vividly portrayed his experiences of being a soldier in one of the world’s largest wars. Siegfried Sassoon’s poems gave people back home a clear picture of what was really going on and what conditions the soldiers had to live under during the years that the war lasted. Siegfried lived a life that was greatly affected by war, the deaths of people he cared for, and his strong passion for writing poetry. (Mixture of all sources) Siegfried Sassoon wasRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Siegfried Sassoon 1029 Words   |  5 Pagesexperience that can impact political actions and have major repercussions on a global scale. Siegfried Sassoon was a poet that realized the true power and capabilities of poetry and what it could accomplish. Sassoon used his gift of poetry to advance humanity’s views on war and help them better understand the terrifying imprint it left on the world. Siegfried Sassoon is remembered for the fury that his poems encompassed. He wrote poetry during World War I and the brutality of trench warfare. He constantlyRead MoreAn Analysis Of Erhard Schon s The Vienna Woods And Siegfried Sassoon s Poem Atrocities 893 Words   |  4 Pagessavagery that is inflicted upon both parties during the expansion of Empire: Erhard Schà ¶n’s illustrations that accompany the translated texts of the ‘Turkish Riders with Christian Captives,’ ‘Turkish Atrocities in the Vienna Woods’ and Siegfried Sassoon’s poem ‘Atrocities’. Both pieces are a representation of different points of view during two different wars. However, though they may be separated by 500 years, both are easily able to relay the pain that is trust upon common everyday people whoRead MoreSimilarities Between Rupert Brooke, Siegfried Sassoon, And Wilfred Owen1531 Words   |  7 Pagesspecifically poetry, changed. Rupert Brooke, Siegfried Sassoon, and Wilfred Owen all share one common bond: these men were war poets. According to the Oxford Dictionary, the term â€Å"war poet† means â€Å"a poet writing at the time of and on the subject of war, especially one on military service during the First World War.† These poets each had a distinctive outlook on the war, that is depicted in their style of writing, and noticed by readers through reading their poems. The devastating war had negatively shiftedRead MoreCounter Attack, Attack And Aftermath, By Siegfried Sassoon1081 Words   |  5 Pagesbeside you as you clench your gun tightly to your chest, is this really what you signed for? War Poetry is written to expose the truth about war. In class, we have studied the poet Siegfried Sassoon who fought in the first world war and has written poems to show the audience/ civilians the truth behind war. He uses his poems Counter Attack, Attack and Aftermath to show how war is nothing but a do g fight, but a graveyard where it is kill or be killed, and how horrific experiencing the loss of a love,Read MoreAnalysis Of Siegfried Sassoon s The War 1514 Words   |  7 Pages Siegfried Sassoon was an influential man that lead the people to the revelation of the war’s heinous truth. His genius use of literature epitomised the reflection of his critical view of the war. Siegfried Sassoon declares â€Å"I have seen and endured the sufferings of the troops, and I can no longer be a party to prolong these sufferings for ends which I believe to be evil and unjust.† and thus, he begins his personal attack against war through the power of literature. He deprecated his distasteRead MoreA Comparison of Wilfred Owen and Siegfried Sassoons War Poetry1665 Words   |  7 PagesA Comparison of Wilfred Owen and Siegfried Sassoons War Poetry Lieutenant Wilfred Edward Salter Owen M.C. of the second Battalion Manchester Regiment, was born March 18th 1893 in Oswestry, Shropshire. He was educated at the Birkenhead Institute and at Shrewsbury Technical school. Wilfred Owen was the eldest of four children and the son of a railway official. He was of welsh ancestry and was particularly close to his mother whose evangelical Christianity greatly influencedRead MoreThe Development of War Poetry Throughout Ww11027 Words   |  5 Pagessuffering and hardship led to strong companionship and their experiences affected what they wrote about in their poems. Many of the men wrote poetry as a mean of expressing their despair as their situation and possible fate. In order to express my view over this I will be comparing and contrasting three different poems by Rupert Brooks, Wilfred Owen and Siegfried Sassoon. The poem ‘The Soldier’ written by Rupert Brooke gives a strong and patriotic feeling to all of it’s readers, it tells us aboutRead MoreWorld War 1 Poetry Essay1681 Words   |  7 PagesFocusing on two World War One poems, explore how the poet expresses their feelings. Dulce et Decorum Est - Wilfred Owen Suicide in the Trenches - Siegfried Sassoon In the poem, Dulce et Decorum Est by Wilfred Owen we can understand Owens feelings toward the war, in the form of strong sarcasm and empathy. Poems were often used by many people, as a way to vent their feelings, and find a voice. Strong empathy is felt as Owen himself was a soldier in the army and military hero until he got admittedRead MoreEssay Comparing Counter Attack and the Soldier861 Words   |  4 Pagesit was either heroic or mere butchery. These ideas are represented in the 2 poems â€Å"The Soldier† by Rupert Brookes and â€Å"Counter Attack† by Siegfried Sassoon. Rupert Brooke (1887-1915) was an accomplished poet in WW1. Unlike Sassoon, Brooke never fought at the front line, but joined the Mediterranean Navy where he died of a mosquito bite. Rupert Brooke expressed his feelings about war (war being a heroic act) through poems such as â€Å"The Soldier† where he talks about the solemnity of the soldier and

What the U.S. Should Be Doing to Protect Intellectual Property - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 615 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/02/20 Category Law Essay Level High school Tags: Intellectual Property Essay Did you like this example? Introduction The article â€Å"What the U.S. Should Be Doing to Protect Intellectual Property† illustrated how one of the strongest and innovative country in the world (U.S.) struggled to find the correct balance between the exclusive right and public access to its knowledge. A huge amount of the U.S. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "What the U.S. Should Be Doing to Protect Intellectual Property" essay for you Create order government revenue was invested to encourage American invention and innovation, but it failed to develop a b alanced international Intellectual Property legal framework. Borders and distance meant less and less in a digitized world where globalization was important and complicated at the same time. I believe, Intellectual Property knowledge and awareness added mo re value to the Technology and Innovation Management course as it helped to understand various Intellectual Properties like patents, trademarks, copyrights, trade secrets and identify, they were not the restrictions for innovation rather intellectual prope rty right encouraged nations to have a structured framework globally. T he countries in the world were having free entry into the race to obtain their patents which compelled constant competition among the countries to get the best technology earlier in tim e and encouraged innovation to enter the public domain much rapidly than possible. Summary From computer chips, GPS technology to the internet, all these things were the ou tcome of government investment for basic research in universities, labs and multi ple projects around the world. Different countries like China, Japan, Germany, India, and others tried their best not only to preserve their Intellectual Property but also made sure to have a coherent global strategy to encourage large scale adoption of th eir technology (Breznitz and Murphree, 2016). Strong IP laws were necessary to protect the significant investment , used to develop the technologies, products, pharmaceuticals, or feature films in the world. The innovators got a fair return on their investm ent and the government of different countries ensured home grown technologies were globally dom inant in their fields (Breznitz and Murphree). There were plenty of IP treaties, agreements, and protocols in place which made intellectual property reforms difficult especially for American companies and stringent U.S. g overnment rules and regulations often complicated the tec hnology adoption process for U.S. innovations internationally. Contrarily, China legal reforms of expanded economic exchanges and Intellectual Property rights played a significant role in all channels of international trade and contributed to the nation as a whole helping China shift its status from IP offender to IP Leader (Breznitz and Murphree). Analysis Each country has to give importance to its Intellectual Property protection that is no less favorable than the protection granted to its own people. D eveloped and developing nations often have a different attitude towards their intellectual property right . In today’s world, 90% of all technology royalties and licensing fees are received by five countries USA, China, Germany, Japan, and South Korea (The Federalist Society , 2015 ). U.S. should try to get complete economic benefit from its inventions through strong IP strategy and develop a balanced international Intellectual Property legal framework which should attract more global trade partners and convin ce American companies that their Intellectual Property exports are protected to ensure, these companies are more likely willing to market their products globally. China has jumped from third to second place on international patent application filings surpa ssing Japan and getting close to the U.S. which has been the longti me leader, primarily by focusing on 3 factors i.e., IP education, Maximizing firm level IP competitiveness and IP pricing stra tegies (Breznitz and Murphree). The international treaties are responsible for globalization , and international political reforms are turning down the iron curtains for trade around the world which was basically impossible a few years ago, is now possible.

Three Steps to the Happy Life Why this Approach Does Not...

The happy life. What does this mean to me? Kristen Linker, a third year student at Redeemer University College. It begins with balance: trusting God, finding Joy, having harmonious relationships with the people in my life and doing the best I can with what I have at this stage in life. If I would have had to write this paper at the beginning of this semester, I would have had a completely different view on the happy life. However, through this course, I have learned what I think are the most important things to work towards. Lyubomirsky’s happiness activities have also given me some ideas about what I find to be imperative to living a life pleasing to God. Now, I will not be describing a three step program to achieve the happy life.†¦show more content†¦Grow us in His grace. Change happens when there is pain. And, as I have learned in this course, people who suffer pain often have a more optimistic outlook on life and tend to be happier overall when they have dealt wi th the pain in a healthy way. Trusting God is the only way to achieve this. Trusting in His purpose and plans – not my own. What does the Bible Say about Happiness? 1 Thessalonians 5:16-18 says, â€Å"Be joyful always; pray continually; give thanks in all circumstances, for this is God’s will for you in Christ Jesus† (Holy Bible). These are not suggestions that are recommended for us to lead a Godly life. These are commands. We are expected to abide by them. It doesn’t say ‘be joyful only when things go your way’ or ‘only when you are not stressed.’ Always. This is essential. The magnitude of the word always astounds me. It is not temporary. It is continuous. Personal Experience and Happiness This group of words â€Å"be joyful always† and â€Å"give thanks in all circumstances† are hard for me sometimes. I like to be stubborn and think, ‘Oh, people in Bible times did not have to deal with the stress I have to deal with.’ When, honestly, they had their own battles to face. For me, I enjoyed the happiness activities most weeks. There were many that resonated with me: expressing gratitude, avoiding overthinking and social comparison, developing strategies for coping, learning to forgive, and savouring life’s joys. Those were my top five. How Have I Seen â€Å"The Happy Life†Show MoreRelatedProfile On Camp Bow Wow1312 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Profile on Camp Bow Wow† video 1. Identify three skills that companies look for in managers and explain which might be most needed for the Camp Bow Wow leaders highlighted in the video. According to Williams, 2014, â€Å"when companies look for employees who would be good managers, they look for individuals who have technical skills, human skills, conceptual skills and the motivation to manage,† (Williams, p. 14). In watching the â€Å"Camp Bow Wow video,† the three broad management skills used are conceptualRead MoreKey Skills That Companies Look For Managers And Explain Which Might Be Most Needed For The Camp Bow Wow1287 Words   |  6 Pages1. Identify three skills that companies look for in managers and explain which might be most needed for the Camp Bow Wow leaders highlighted in the video. According to Williams, 2014, â€Å"when companies look for employees who would be good managers, they look for individuals who have technical skills, human skills, conceptual skills and the motivation to manage,† (Williams, p. 14). In watching the â€Å"Camp Bow Wow video,† the three broad management skills used are conceptual skills, human skills, and technicalRead MoreWhy Some Of Us Don t Have One True Calling955 Words   |  4 Pagesis you want to do when you grow up.† In this Ted Talk, â€Å"Why Some Of Us Don t Have One True Calling†, Emilie Wapnick explains why many of us just do not know how to answer that question. Not because we don’t have a particular interest but because we just have too many. Wapncik asserts, While this question inspires kids to dream about what they could be, it does not inspire them to dream about all that they could be. Like Wapnick, I was often asked this question as a kid and like most other kidsRead MoreA Brief Note On Drug And Alcohol Addiction1668 Words   |  7 PagesMommy, she was addicted to heroin. Her friends were all addicts and many died. She stopped breathing once too, when she was 21 years old. Her boyfriend gave her CPR. She was even arrested; court mandated outpatient counseling, once a week for three months, NA meetings, one year probation. It did nothing for her. She drank the whole time. The traditional treatments used to treat drug and alcohol addiction was not effective then, nor is it effective now, for the new generation of drug addictsRead MorePost Traumatic Stess Disorder1465 Words   |  6 PagesPost-traumatic stress disorder, or PTSD; what is it, what are the symptoms, how is it diagnosed, can it be treated, what affects does it have on the family? As I have personally seen PTSD; these are some of the questions I asked myself on weekly bases. Now that I have reocc urring thoughts about my personal situations, I find myself asking some of the same questions after each deployment. I wonder I am going to come back the man I was or come back an unrecognizable void. I have done extensive researchRead MoreDepresion in Adolescents is Becoming and Epidemic Essay1040 Words   |  5 PagesThe concept of a happy childhood being a carefree, never-ending recess before the responsibilities of adulthood set in is just as realistic as the cartoons children watch on television. To the contrary, adolescents today feel less safe, less inspired and less hopeful than ever before. It is not surprising then that depression is a common concomitant to adolescent development (Tharper, Collishaw, Pine, 2012). According to the National Institute of Mental Health, approximately one in five adolescentsRead MoreHow Change Is Using Changing Our Approach1053 Words   |  5 PagesIt waits, hiding behind the fragments of happy moments that pop up from time to time. It eb bs, the emotional tide before the mind’s storm. It strikes, leaving its victim motionless and defenseless and forever under its control. The dread we feel often, being stuck in a rut, is difficult to escape from. What do we do when there’s just no way out? Perhaps we accept what is our reality—forever impoverished, despondent, or a mindless drone for the man—and continue on the path. However, when we’re stuckRead MorePersonal Essay : The Happiness Hypothesis By Jonathan Haidt1726 Words   |  7 Pagesdaughter comes home just after failing her ninth interview, crashes on her parents’ couch, and goes on blaming her parents for the multiple failures in her life. She’s lost, confused, and especially unhappy. This type of case results in the parents asking, â€Å"what did I do wrong?† Every parent wishes for his or her child to be successful and happy. They believe they are parenting right during the process, but Jonathan Haidt fin ds that many are seeking happiness incorrectly. In The Happiness HypothesisRead MoreCan A Young Adult Novel Help Teens Find Where They Belong?1408 Words   |  6 Pagesoption for whatever the reason may be. Yes, the stories can be entertaining, but the relatability is a big reason why young adults read young adult novels. Bettelheim was right when stating â€Å"While it entertains the child, the fairy tale enlightens him about himself, and fosters his personal development† (12). Children can use the fairytale as a kind of instruction manual for their life problems currently and for problems in the future. The same idea can be applied to young adults and the books meantRead MoreToyota Case Study Essay1723 Words   |  7 PagesCh. 8: Toyotas Production System: Life in the Fast Lane? Overview: The Toyota Production System has long been hailed and admired as the source of Toyota’s outstanding performance as a manufacturer. TPS aims to eliminate waste, reduce defects and maximize flow. TPS aims to increase efficiency and productivity by employing a unique production system that cuts costs through continuous improvement. Long term goal is to yield sharp reductions in product development and manufacturing lead times. Toyota

The Kingdom of God Essay - 2664 Words

Throughout the eons of human history there have been many interpretations of the idea of the Kingdom of God. Starting with the original inception of the idea from the earliest civilizations of the Jews to the modern day relationship with the Church and Christ it is easy to see vast differences arising. However, though there are many different approaches to this topic it is imperative that the subject become more clearly defined; for the individual but more importantly for the Body as a whole. Looking at the main understanding within the Church over the ages and breaking them down each individually is the first step in this long conquest to understand and rightly respond to the Kingdom of God. The progression in view begins with the†¦show more content†¦Scripture establishes a foundational story line for the reader to follow as history progresses and follows the Jewish lineage of Adam into Abraham, Abraham to David, and David to Jesus. Beginning with Adam at the Fall of M an a simple promise is released which begins this whole progression into the idea of Kingdom on the Earth between God and Man. In the beginning God promised that redemption would come from the seed of the woman and would put an end to the opposition of the snake, or sin, by crushing its head underfoot. (Genesis 3:15) This was the first promise for a Coming One who would bring righteousness to the Earth. All that was established here was that from the seed of humanity One would arise and in His living put an end to the reign of sin. Time progressed and Abraham appears in response to the LORD’s invitation. He departs from his land to discover a land which he is promised to inherit. (Genesis 15:18-21) However, a connection point is noted in this storyline also. Abraham receives a continuation of the promise that was mentioned in Genesis 3. When the LORD comes to Abraham He speaks to him and unfolds a further revealing of His redemptive plan. He tells Abraham that in him all the nations of the Earth will be blessed but not just by him. (Genesis12:3) The LORD promises Abraham descendants who will disperse throughout the Earth and bring the revelation of God to theShow MoreRelatedThe Kingdom Of God :1071 Words   |  5 PagesThe Kingdom of God To understand the kingdom of God that was central to the teaching and preaching of Jesus, it’s important to first grasp that God intended to rule the world through His human children from the start. He meant for us to be His hands and feet since the beginning of creation, mirroring His image in every way. The cancellation of this plan happened the moment the parents of mankind became victims of satan’s temptation. The Old Testament documents the fall, and the struggle of God’sRead MoreGod And The Kingdom Of God1795 Words   |  8 Pagesproclaiming the gospel of God and the Kingdom of God. But many of his disciples, like John the Baptist, did not envision the Kingdom of God for themselves nor the Kingdom miraculously coming from Heaven. â€Å"The time is fulfilled, and the Kingdom of God is at hand: repent and believe in the gospel.† (Mark 1:14-15, ESV.) The phrase â€Å"Kingdom of God† is the centerpiece of Jesus’ teachings and is found in his unique way of speaking about God’s kingship. The arrival of the Kingdom of God did not mean the endRead MoreThe Kingdom of God1959 Words   |  8 Pages The Kingdom of God is a hidden, but important theme in the New Testament of the Bible. It isn’t a place, but rather a state of being. Jesus spends most of his life living as an example of the Kingdom of God. Through Jesus’ teachings, people begin to understand what it truly means to live in the Kingdom. This theme is mainly introduced in the gospel of Mark and progresses further in depth throughout the New Testament. The meaning of the Kingdom of God is found in the words of Jesus Christ. He providesRead MoreThe Kingdom Of God Essay1085 Words   |  5 PagesThe Kingdom of God When Jesus approached the city of Jerusalem, the streets were lined with Jews shouting out to him, â€Å"The crowds going ahead of Him, and those who followed, were shouting, â€Å"Hosanna to the Son of David! Blessed is he who comes in the name of the Lord! Hosanna in the highest!†(Matthew 21:9). Jesus was the Messiah. He arrived with a plan to build the Kingdom of God. He would change the world but were the Jews ready for what Jesus had to offer? As the Jews lined the entranceRead MoreThe Kingdom Of God Essay2066 Words   |  9 Pagestheme within Jesus’ ministry which is his proclamation of the Kingdom (or reign) of God. In order to grasp the significance and meaning of this promulgation, I will begin by explaining why many scholars believe that the Kingdom of God is the central theme within Jesus’ message and ministry. Then I will explore eight significant aspects of the Kingdom of God that help to elucidate this phrase. After looking at these v arious facets of the kingdom, I will conclude with a brief explanation of why this themeRead MoreThe Kingdom Of God Essay1852 Words   |  8 Pagesepitome of the Kingdom of God. Many spend a whole lifetime searching for meaning of what the Kingdom of God truly is, what Jesus meant by his descriptions of the Kingdom. This passage comes across as helping others in a 21st century mindset, however, the cultural exclusion the Jewish people presented to those outside of their community brings forth a much more impactful message. The Kingdom of God dwells in no geographical place, holds no one ethnicity, and excludes no one. The Kingdom of God, in whichRead MoreKingdom of God2779 Words   |  12 PagesWhat exactly is the kingdom of God? How does one recognize the kingdom? Are you in the kingdom of God? So often, people search for the evidence of the kingdom of God rather than simply identifying it. In the present day, the stress is evasively put on works and actions rather than a personal relationship with God. Too many people fall into the trap of participating in as many activities as they can, living to have their good deeds noticed by others; however, the key point is entirely missed. ItRead MoreJesus : The Kingdom Of God864 Words   |  4 PagesJesus taught constantly about â€Å"the kingdom of God†. This concept was at the center of his teaching and life. The Kingdom of Heaven is the belief that for those who believe in Jesus and God, there is an eternal paradise waiting for them. There, they live forever and are happy. The only way to reach the Kingdom of Heaven is through belief. The love ethic is the teaching of love. Jesus stressed that love should not only be practiced in a person s relationship with fellow Christians and with JesusRead MoreThe Principles Of The Kingdom Of God977 Words   |  4 PagesThe â€Å"Principles of the Kingdom of God† are found abundantly within the text writings of the Gospels and other books within the Bible. It is easy to see that the â€Å"Kingdom of God† came upon us when Jesus walked the earth teaching, healing and preaching; doing the works of our Father, God Almighty. This essay will attempt to bring to light methods which Jesus used to teach those around him and touch on some of the aspects of the Kingdom of God. Robert Coleman (1993) listed the methods used by JesusRead MoreThe United Kingdom Of God770 Words   |  4 Pagesbiblical approach to scripture. The Kingdom of God has come, but it â€Å"has not yet come in its fullness† because the earth is not yet fully redeemed (142). This is an important distinction because it shows that Brunner has done his research, and it also helps people understand exactly how he views the Kingdom of God and how they should consequently view the Kingdom of God Near the end of the chapter Brunner talks about how Christians must â€Å"[wait] upon God† for the Kingdom of Heaven (142). While I agree

Conflict in The Odyssey free essay sample

The epic of The Odyssey by Homer is the second oldest surviving Greek text. The story contains many conflicts such as man v god, man v himself, and man v society. This paper will explore some of the important conflicts in this classic tale. Man v god is the most important conflict in the story. Towards the beginning of the story Odysseus goes to war against the Trojans and wins. What he doesn’t know is that the great God Poseidon favored Odysseus and his army and helped them win the Trojan War. Poseidon becomes very angry with Odysseus’s choice in not thanking him and causes a great deal of troubles for Odysseus and his men at sea. Odysseus planned on going home but because he didn’t thank the great God of the Sea and he gets off track and lost at sea with his men. Odysseus is sent to many places and eventually get’s stranded on Calypso’s island. He is finally released from her island and makes a boat and begins home. While on his way home Poseidon tortured him but not enough to kill him, only enough to make him remember one lesson about humans. His lesson is that humans are nothing without gods and it’s something Odysseus will never forget even while being at sea for twenty years. Another example of man v god conflict is Odysseus v Calypso. During Odysseus’s travel home he gets stranded on Calypso’s island. Her island is an island of all women who have never seen a male figure in their entire life. Calypso on the other hand hasn’t seen a male figure for as long as she can remember. His time spent on the island make Calypso fall deeply in love with him and wants him to stay forever; she even offers him immortality in return for marriage. While being kept on the island, Hermes, Zeus’s messenger delivers a message to Calypso telling her to release Odysseus because it is not his fate to marry her; his fate is to be back with his wife in Ithaca and to save his family and his home from the suitors. So Calypso decides to release Odysseus and Odysseus eventually returns home with valuable lessons he learned at sea from the great God Poseidon. Another conflict that is evident in The Odyssey is man v himself. While Odysseus spends his time stranded on Calypso’s island he must battle his faith and stay true to Penelope. Although Calypso loves him and offers him such a marvelous gift, the gift of immortality, it challenges Odysseus true being. While the gift of immortality grants Odysseus with a life of no death he is tempted. He questions what he should do; he begins to see things with his heart and not with his head. He still knows he loves Penelope and she loves him but his thoughts of her being already remarried have worried Odysseus. Odysseus turns down the offer of immortality and decides to build a ship and return home to his wife. A second example of man v himself conflict is Penelope v faithfulness. While Odysseus is at sea for twenty years the suitors go to his home and demand that Penelope remarry because they tell her that Odysseus is dead. Because Penelope is true to her heart and feels that Odysseus will one day return she decides to weave a shroud that resembles a ship to give to Odysseus time to return home. When Odysseus finally returns home he kills all the suitors and finds out that he wasn’t the only one who stayed faithful but his wife Penelope also. Another type of conflict that pertains to The Odyssey is man v society. While Odysseus is at sea for 20 years the suitors go to his home and demand that Penelope remarry because they tell her that Odysseus is dead. Because Penelope is true to her heart and feels that Odysseus will one day return she decides to weave a shroud of a ship to give Odysseus time to return home. She tells the suitors that she will make a weave and if Odysseus hasn’t returned home by the time she is finished, she will remarry. While she is weaving, she tears it apart and starts over to give her more time. When the suitors finally figure out what she’s doing they get very angry. They decide to send Penelope’s son, Telemachus, to get word if Odysseus is dead. When he returns with word about his father, Penelope will have to. Although Telemachus returns with word that his father is dead, Odysseus later returns home and kills all the suitors in his home. In the end Penelope has remained faithful to Odysseus. A second example of man v society is Telemachus v suitors. Because is it not proven that Odysseus is dead, the suitors send Telemachus on a voyage to get the final word of his father. The suitors are afraid that he will one day take over the throw and plan to kill him when he gets back so he can’t take over the thrown. Upon his return to Ithaca he brings news that his father is dead and the suitors are grateful, but what they don’t know is that Telemachus has lied to them because he found out his dad has returned and is at the farm outside of the town. Telemachus and his father eventually team up against the suitors in a mission to take back what’s rightfully theirs and kill all those who don’t belong and have become traitors to Odysseus and his home. Conflict is essential to all storied and is evident in Homer’s The Odyssey. Three important conflicts include: Odysseus v Poseidon, Odysseus v himself, and Penelope v suitors. There are numerous amounts of examples of these literary plot conflicts. People today continue to struggle with internal conflicts, questions about Gods, and their role in society. This is what makes the story of The Odyssey so significant in the world of today.

Biography of Obafemi Awolowo-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Write a biography on Obafemi Awolowo, a Nigerian patriarch. Answer: Obafemi Awolowo was a leader and politician from Nigeria. He was also a Yoruba Chief. He was a native of Ikenne, Ogun State, Nigeria. He started as a regional political leader, as was the case with most other pre-independence contemporaries. He is considered as the founding father of Nigeria, and he had found in a number of organizations which included the Egbe Omo Oduduwa Trade Unions Congress of Nigeria as well as the political party named the Action Group. Awolowo was an active journalist and as a young man, he was also a trade unionist. He had edited The Nigerian Worker and some other publications. He also organized the Nigerian Produce Traders Association. He also acted as the secretary of Nigerian Motor Transport Union. Awolowo had graduated after completing his Bachelor of Commerce degree in Nigeria. Then he moved on to London to get a law degree. Awolowo was also a part of the Nigerian delegation that has taken part in the Constitutional talks that took place in London in 195 7. Another achievement was that he was the first premiere of Western Region according to the parliamentary system of Nigeria from 1954 to 1960. Later on, in the federal parliament to the Balewa government, Awolowo was the official leader of opposition from 1960 to 1963. He was put in jail on a charge of sedition in 1963. Later on, in 1967, he was pardoned and released from jail by the military government (Makinde and Obafemi, 2002). He became the finance minister from 1967 to 1971. He also unsuccessfully contested the presidential elections in 1979 and 1983. It was only in 1993 that the democracy had been restored in Nigeria after the 1966 coup. They start of the military regime in Nigeria was described as Awalowo as a Nigeria entering into a "dismal tunnel". He was aware of the challenge to hold the competing regions of Nigeria together as well as keeping the tribes under single federal system, which was considered to be the largest challenge for the newly born nation-state. He was in favor of local autonomy that was based on the ethno-linguistic identity of different regions. He also favored that the larger reasons should be split into smaller states (Meredith, 2005). Since then, 36 states have been created in Nigeria. The impact of the policies and ideas of Awolowo can even be seen today, particularly in the South, where it is considered that education and welfare programs play an important role in the task of creating citizens who can discharge their responsibilities of self-governance by taking active part in civil society (Dudley, 1978). As in this case, rivalries and competing interests are involved, generally the res ult of the issue of how the center has distributed the resources, equitable and just systems should be present in Nigeria that can also make sure the, the government is vested in all the persons and not only in elite persons (Adegbesan, 1988). In this way, Awolowo is considered as the founding father of the nation, and his legacy needs to be examined (Rotberg, 2004). The birth of Obafemi Awolowo took place in Ikenne, in Western Nigeria. His father was a farmer and he was educated at the church schools. Awolowo was working as an assistant teacher before it decided to go to Wesley College in Ibanadan as he wanted to get training as an educator. From there, he graduated in 1927. On the religious side, he was a Wesleyan Methodist. He joined a clerical position in the college in 1932 (Adekola, 2002). Later on, in 1934, he went into creating business and started to work for the Motor Transporter and the Produce Trader. This was a time when he also started to write articles for newspapers (Awolowo, 1981). He was behind the foundation of Nigerian Produce Traders Association. Similarly, he was also acting as the editor of The Nigerian Worker. Gradually, he also assumed the charge as the secretary of Nigerian Motor Transport Union. In 1937, he got married to Hannah Idowu Dideolu and the couple had three daughters and two sons. Awolowo had organized a successful strike in 1937. This strike was organized to oppose the "inequitable and unjust" colonial legislations. He was playing and a key role in the Nigerian Youth Movement (NYM) by the early 1940s (Makinde, 2007). He became the branch secretary of the NYM in Ibadan in 1940. In the same way, he also started an agitation in 1942 due to which reforms took place in the Ibadan Native Authority Advisory Board (Shillington, 2005). Similarly, he also co-founded the Trades Union Congress in Nigeria in 1943. He also organized a large-scale protest in 1944 to oppose the ban on the export of palm kernel. As a result of this ground level activism, the common people were convinced that they could face the British and even win (Ogunmodede, 1986). They also started to believe that they can challenge the colonial system in Africa as was done in India and the independence struggle of India but behind these civil disobedience tactics adopted by Awoolowo (Sklar, 2004). He ach ieved a bachelor of commerce degree in 1944, being an external student from the London University. He went to London in 1944 to study law. When he was in London, he took part in founding the Egbe Omo Oduduwa (it was a society of the descendents of Oduduwa, who were the ancestors of people speaking Yoruba). The main purpose of this organization is to study and to preserve the culture of the Yoruba (Simpson, 2006). This organization was launched in 1948 in Lagos (Duffy, J. and Manners (eds.). 1961). On November 18, 1946, Owolowo had qualified as a barrister at the Inner Temple and he returned to Nigeria. He had established a significant legal practice. Between 1947 and 1951 Owolowo worked as an advocate and a solicitor in the Supreme Court of Nigeria. Awolowo took his last breath on May 9, 1987 in his hometown, Ikenne. The politics of Awolowo: He had co-founded the action group in 1950 in the form of the political wing of Egbe Omo Oduduwa. This was mainly based in the Western Region, which was dominated by the Yoruba (Nolte, 2009). He was also elected to the assembly and he became the Minister of local Government in 1951 and remained in this position until 1954. During 1952 and 53, Awolowo undertook extensive travels and he visited Egypt, Ceylon, Pakistan and India. In these countries he discussed anticolonial struggle and self-determination (Weiner and Ergun, 1987). He particularly admired Jawaharlal Nehru. He also, published his autobiography, in the newspaper of the Action Group, The Tribune that had been founded by him in 1949 (Trask, 2004). After the constitutional changes that were introduced in 1954, Awolowo became the first Premiere of Eastern Region. Similarly in this year, he was also appointed the honorary Chief of the Yoruba. He had also taken part in the Constitutional talks that had taken place in London and Ghana in 1953, 57 and 58. This was the time when he also went to the United States, Italy, Germany and Japan. These visits were undertaken with a view to encourage trade relations with these countries (Makinde, 2009). On the eve of independence, in 1959, he resigned from Premiership with a view to take part in elections for the Federal assembly. Samuel Akintola became the opinion (Adebayo, 1988). The Hausa Fulani People's Congress had won the elections, along with the Eastern national Council of Nigeria (Richard, 2008). A Northern politician, Balewa became the Prime Minister of the country and Awolowo took charge as the official leader of opposition (Nwanwene, 1970). The policies of Awolowo: he had always believed that the resources of Nigeria should be generalized into education and the development of state led infrastructure. A controversy is also erupted when Awolowo had introduced free primary education at the considerable cost him all the Western region and he also established free television service in Africa (Zachernuk, 1988). In the same way, he expanded the electrification projects by using the income from highly profitable cocoa export industry (Ogunmodede, 1986). Even if he was very popular in the Western Nigeria, among the Yoruba, he became unpopular with the supposedly largest political bloc of the nation (the Northern, Muslim, Northern Peoples Congress) as a result of his left leanings. A lot of Nigerians were of the opinion that his policies were being dictated by the government of UK (Sklar, 1963). As compared to Nnamdi Akikwe of the NCNC, who was the first president of Nigeria in 1963, Awolowo was in favor of autonomy that was ba sed on ethno-linguistic identity (Shillington, 2005). Western Nigeria crisis: there were serious disagreement between Awolowo and Akintola regarding the way the Western region should be run. As a result, Akintola made an alliance with the NPC federal government, which was led by Abubakar Tafawa Balewa. However, there were many persons in the Akintola's faction who were of the opinion that the preeminent position in business was being lost by the Yorubas and also the administration to Igbos due to the decision made by the NCNC to take part in the ruling coalition (Oke, Olatunji, Adebayo and Femi, (eds.). 2009). On the other hand, the opinion of Awolowo was that much more can be achieved by winning the next election without forming a coalition with the NCP. Some of the persons who were in favor of a partnership with the NCP were Muslim, and the others were "anti-Awolowo". The result was that accusations were made by each region against the others that they had received unfair share in jobs and resources (Olufemi, 1986). An unsuccessful at tempt was made to replace Akintola when his faction disrupted the assembly proceedings, and one member was even going to club the speaker. As a result of this crisis, Balewa had declared state of emergency in the Western region. He had also appointed administrator for the region (Nathaniel, 2008). Under these circumstances, the Nigerian National Democratic Party was formed by Akintola. This newly formed by the easily defeated the Action Group remnant in the elections that took place subsequently even if Awolowo commonly believed that the elections were rigged (Ikelegbe, 1988). In 1962, Awolowo and many other persons were charged by the government and after a trial that went on for 11 months, they were jailed for conspiring with some Ghanians including Kwame Nkrumah for overthrowing the government (Rotberg, 2004). The sentence was imprisoned for 10 years. In a book written by him in 1966, Thoughts on the Nigerian Constitution, he had defended federalism but at the same time, he had also recommended that 18 smaller states should be created that can replace the regions (Meredith, 2005). The Action Group remnants took part in the national elections in 1965 and had entered into an alliance with mainly Igbo and south-eastern national Council of Nigeria, as well as the NCNC. The elections were won by the NPC-NNDP even while there were accusations of fraud and Balewa remained the Prime Minister of the country. The result was that violent riots took place in many parts of the Western region (Olufemi, 1991). Major three political parties were dominated by various ethnic groups and effectively they were regional parties that were taking part in the national elections. The seats in the national assembly were in proportion to the population of these regions. As the North had the highest population, it was also guaranteed to win more seats. In the Western and Eastern regions, there was a suspicion that NCP had given unfair advantages to the North and in this region; the oil revenue was also produced (Weiner and zbudun, 1987). The aftermath of these elections included a military coup led by the Igbo on January 15, 1966. In this coup, the Prime Minister had been killed, and also Ahmadau Bello, the Premier of the Northern Region. After this military coup, there was a counter coup on January 16, 1966. This resulted in the establishment of a national military government. A third coup took place on July 29, which overthrew this government itself. Pardon was given to Chief Awolowo and he was released from prison by the coup leaders (Olufemi, 2004). Awolowo tried to broker a peace agreement when civil wars started on the issue of the secession of the Eastern Region (Sklar, 2004). After the failure of the limitations, Awolowo was made the finance minister in the government of Nigeria. He also gives approval when 12 Statesville established by the government in 1967. However, he was not pleased because this was not done on the basis of ethnolinguistic cohesiveness. In the book written by him in 1967, The People's Republic, he had favored federalism, socialism and democracy. According to him, all these are necessary for creating a prosperous and stable Nigeria (Awolowo and 'Biodun, 1987). He resigned from his post after a year of the end of the war. The reason was that the realized that they had very little influence on the policies made by the government and also due to the reason that he had continuously opposed the military rule. After many years of private practice as an attorney, Awolowo founded the Unity Party of Nigeria in 1979. This party was founded as the successor of the Action Group. It took part in the presidential elections that were held in 1979. However, he lost the elections to Alhaji Shehu Shagari by nearly 400,000 votes as the elections were heavily rigged. He again took part in the presidential elections in 1983. This time he lost to Shagari by nearly 4,000,000 votes. However, Awolowo considered that the elections were fraudulent. However in the Yoruba dominated areas, his party did well (Adegbola and Bankole, 1997). The legacy of Awolowo: the University of Ife has been rechristened as Obafemi Awolowo University in the memory of the leader. His portrait can be found on one hundred naira, the currency notes of Nigeria. The legacy of religion is also honored by the Obafemi Awolowo Foundation. He has been described by the experts as the most cherished philosopher and political thinker of Africa. It has also been mentioned as the memorial website that he was a sage and a philosopher king. Awolowo also gets the credit for building the first stadium in West Africa, as well as the first television station in Africa. His civil service is considered as the best in Africa and that time. He is also known for introducing free healthcare in the Western region in the age of 18. He introduced free and compulsory basic education in Western Nigeria. While in the past, the currency of Nigeria was known as the Nigerian Pound but he gave it the name of Naira. In his position as the Premier of Western Nigeria, he had achieved high distinction in public affairs management but at the same time, he was also observed the due to the lack of financial clout of power with the central government. That is perhaps the main reason due to which he made the decision to contest the national elections. It has been described as the best President Nigeria ever had and his name is still invoked while opposing autocratic and military rule. References Adebayo, A.G., 1988. Awolowo and Revenue Allocation in Nigeria. In: Oyelaran, O.O., et al. (Eds.), Obafemi Awolowo: The End of an Era? OAU Press, Ile-Ife, pp: 392 Adegbesan, P.R.A. (1988), Awolowo and the Politics of Education in Nigeria Obafemi Awolowo: The End of an Era? (ed) Olasope .O.Oyediran et al., Ile-Ife: O.A.U. Press. Adegbola, G., and Bankole O. 1997, His Truth is Marching On: A Pictorial Biography of Chief Obafemi Awolowo. Lagos, NG: Obafemi Awolowo Foundation Adekola, A. (2002), Obafemi Awolowo: The Colossus, Ibadan: Shiloh Publishers. Awolowo, O. 1981, Voice of Wisdom: Selected Speeches of Chief Obafemi Awolowo, vol. 3. Akure: Fagbamigbe Publishers. Awolowo, O. and 'Biodun O. 1987, Awo: The Nigerian Colossus. Ibadan, NG: A. Onibonoje Agencies Dudley, B. J. 1978. The Political Theory of Awolowo and Azikiwe In Onigu Otite (ed.), Themes in African Social and Political Thought, Enugu: Fourth Dimension Publishers. Duffy, J. and Robert A. Manners (eds.). 1961. Africa Speaks. Princeton, NJ: D. Van Nostrand. Ikelegbe, O., 1988. Awolowo: The Legacy of Party Organization. In: Oyelaran, O.O., et al., (Eds.), Obafemi Awolowo: The End of an Era? OAU Press, Ile-Ife, pp: 571, 568 Makinde, M. A. 2009. Awo: The Last Conversation. Ibadan: Evans Publishers. Makinde, M. A., and Obafemi A. 2002, Awo as a Philosopher. Ile-Ife, NG: Obafemi Awolowo University Press Makinde, M.A. (2007), Political Scepticism: Nigeria and the Outside World, African Philosophy: Demise of a Controversy, Ile-Ife: Obafemi Awolowo University. Meredith, M., 2005, The Fate of Africa: From the Hopes of Freedom to the Heart of Despair: A History of Fifty Years of Independence. New York: Public Affairs Nathaniel T., 2008, African Liberators of Nigeria, Chicken Bones: A Journal. Nolte, I. 2009. Obafemi Awolowo and the Making of Remo: The Local Politics of a Nigerian Nationalist. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Nwanwene, O., 1970 Awolowos Political Philosophy Quarterly Journal of Administration, IV: 127153 Ogunmodede, F. I., 1986. Chief Obafemi Awolowos Socio-political Philosophy: A Critical Interpretation. Rome: Pontificia Universitas Urbaniana. Ogunmodede, F.I. (1986), Chief Obafemi Awolowos Socio-Political Philosophy: A Critical Interpretation, Ibadan: Intec Printers. Oke, D. O., Olatunji D., Adebayo W., and Femi A., (eds.). 2009. AWO: On the Trail of a Titan. Lagos: The Obafemi Awolowo Foundation. Olufemi, T., 1986, The Political Thought of Obafemi Awolowo Nigerian Journal of Philosophy, 6(1-2): pp. 1133. Olufemi. T., 1991, Unity in Diversity?: Obafemi Awolowo and the National Question in Nigeria. Canadian Review of Studies in Nationalism, XVIII(1-2): 4359 Olufemi. T., 2004 Post-Independence African Political Philosophy In Kwasi Wiredu (ed.), Companion to African Philosophy, Oxford: Blackwell Richard J., 2008, Nigeria: Inside the Dismal Tunnel, Current History. Retrieved September 17, 2008 Rotberg, R. I., 2004, Crafting the New Nigeria: Confronting the Challenges. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers Shillington, K. 2005, Encyclopedia of African History New York, NY: Fitzroy Dearborn Simpson, D.B. (2006), The Cultural Degradation of Universal Education: The Educational view of Robert Lewis Dabney, Journal of Libertarian Studies, Vol. 20, No 3. Sklar, R. L. 2004, Nigerian Political Parties: Power in an Emergent African Nation. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press Sklar, R., 1963. Nigerian Political Parties. Princeton University Press, Princeton, pp: 270-171. Trask, S. H. A. (2004), William Graham Summer: Against Democracy, Plutocracy, and Imperialism, Journal of Libertarian Studies,Vol. 28, No. 4 (2004). Weiner M and zbudun, E., 1987, Competitive Elections in Developing Countries (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, p237 Zachernuk, P., 1988. Awolowos Economic Thought in Historical Perspective. In: Oyelaran, O.O., et al. (Eds.), Obafemi Awolowo: The End of an Era? OAU Press, Ile-Ife, pp: 277-282.

A Sample of Interview Essay

A Sample of Interview EssayWhen it comes to writing an effective and interesting essay, the first thing that needs to be done is to get a sample of essay writing from a nonprofit organization. Now, what does the sample look like? An essay written by a nonprofit is very different from one written by a commercial publication.The sample essay sample is very important because it will help you focus on what you need to do to become a better writer. Once you get a sample of essay writing, you will see a lot of similarities between the nonprofit essay samples and those written by professional writers.The most obvious similarity between essay samples is the research skills. All essay samples, whether they are written by writers or editors, have to be researched before they are even read. This means that the research is very important in order to get the best results.It is also important to remember that a successful essay is one that provides a clear and concise explanation of the position t o be filled by the person who is to write the essay. Most people who are looking for a job find that writing about the job to be extremely time consuming. That is why hiring the services of a professional will be beneficial in the long run.The essay should also include information about the place of employment in order to make the reader more aware of the work. The main purpose of the information is to build the reader's interest and thus make him or her want to read the essay. This type of information will be very helpful in the acceptance of the job application.One of the best ways to gather information is to read the same job posting repeatedly. This will allow you to see the type of skills that are needed and which qualities are the most needed in the position that is to be filled. These essays can also be used as samplesof essay writing for further consideration.One other thing that the interview essay sample will show you is how the essay should be formatted. It is important t o create an essay that can be easily read. The way in which the sentences are written and the line breaks should all be well thought out.If you have not written an essay before, you should try writing one using your own experience. Keep in mind that research is just as important as writing skill. A good example of an essay that is written by a person with no prior experience would be the essay written by Barack Obama.

Figerouas Framework Essay Example

Figerouas Framework Essay Equity affects nearly all aspects of our lives none less than sports such as beach volleyball. Sport is an integral part of today’s society and as such, sport should be organised, participated in and distributed in an equitable manner. The aim of equity in sports is to encourage all people, regardless of age, gender, disability or ethnic origin to participate in and develop their potential within sport. Disputes over equity have been apparent in our society for hundreds of years, over such things as gender, religion or race.A framework developed by Figueroa deals with equity. It consists of five levels that link together – individual, interpersonal, institutional, structural and cultural. The following paragraphs demonstrate the use of Figueroa Framework as a tool to analyse the barriers to my performance in beach volleyball and part of this involves a peer evaluation (Appendix A). Each of these levels interacts with equity issues in various ways. These numerous levels deal with social beliefs, values, social position, power, media coverage, resources and rewards (Kirk et al, 2004).Each of the five levels mentioned above relates to the others in some way. Equity and Access Two concepts that are important to sociology are the closely linked ideas of equity and access. Equity is studied to determine whether resources are distributed fairly to all members of a society. Sociologists also study whether all individuals within a society have access to resources or whether barriers or obstacles are in place to prevent certain groups of people from accessing them.In sport, studying equity and access helps us to understand why some people are less likely than others to participate in sport and physical activity. Different types of barriers—which can vary from the financial cost of sporting equipment to cultural attitudes about the types of activities that are appropriate for males and females—can restrict individuals’ access to some spo rts and physical activities. Many would argue that it is impossible to provide exactly the same opportunities and access to all members of society.For example, is it realistic to expect that a teenager living on a remote cattle station will have the same access to surfing as another teenager living in a coastal town? While some barriers, such as distance, cannot easily be overcome, many barriers that relate to people’s beliefs and attitudes about sport and physical activity can be removed. The study of equity and access in sport is primarily about reducing and removing the unreasonable and irrelevant barriers to participation—such as discrimination, prejudices and stereotyping.This may require a shift in current attitudes. For these reasons, the sociological study of access and equity in sport looks primarily at social attitudes and expectations that create barriers to participation—in particular, how such barriers are formed, how they are reinforced, how they i nfluence individuals’ behaviour Cultural level History, cultural identity, socialisation, social construction of gender stereotypes, hegemonic masculinity, ethnic background Structural level Policies, funding, media, development programs, marketing, sponsorship Institutional levelCommunity, school, facilities, rules, religion Interpersonal level Peers, family, teachers, coaches, role models Interpersonal level Peers, family, teachers, coaches, role models Individual level Values, attitudes, personality, genes The cultural level The cultural level of Figueroa’s framework includes a society’s values, beliefs and attitudes, which are the product of factors that include the social group’s history, culture and ethnic background. Society’s values, beliefs and attitudes shape and infl uence equity in and access to sport.For example, consider the cultural attitudes to masculinity, femininity and sport. Traditionally, sport has been seen as a male domain; w omen have been seen as supporters or as people without interest in sport. Sports that are appropriate for men and those that are appropriate for women have been clearly differentiated. As these cultural barriers are slowly removed, women are gaining greater access and opportunities in sport. A society’s history and culture also affect sporting culture in other ways.Cultural factors can infl uence the type of sports that individuals within that society participate in. For example, consider the sports that are regularly watched or played in Queensland. Are they different from the sports preferred in Western Australia or somewhere further away, such as Canada? Such differences are the results of different sporting cultures. The structural level The structural level of Figueroa’s framework includes the infl uence of government, business and the media.Applying this level of Figueroa’s framework to sport means investigating the relationship between the media and sport s promotion, the allocation of government funding for sports programs, and how the corporate sector affects sport and sports participation through sponsorship and other funding. For example, the Australian government funds and operates several organisations—such as the Australian Sports Commission—that aim to improve sports participation, promote equity and access to sport for all Australians, and improve Australians’ sporting performance.It is the structural level that provides many insights into how funding is allocated to sport. The institutional level The institutional level of Figueroa’s framework level examines the institutions within society that affect sport and physical activity. Institutions such as schools, community groups, sporting clubs, and religious groups are able to help shape positive attitudes to sport and physical activity. Schools feature prominently when discussing how people’s early attitudes towards sport are shaped. Some s chools with strong sporting traditions reinforce participation in sport.The sports that students are encouraged to participate in can depend on the school’s history and traditions, the facilities and equipment available, and the expertise of the teachers. The institutional level is not just about the influence of schools; it also looks at the availability of facilities and the structure of organised sport within a community. The rules of different sports are also considered as part of an analysis of the institutional level. Sporting rules, which are determined and standardised by sports’ governing organisations, can restrict access to certain groups and individuals.The interpersonal level The interpersonal level of Figueroa’s framework is used to investigate the relationships that affect whether an individual will develop a lifelong association with sport. Most of us are influenced, directly or indirectly, by the people around us. Whose role is the most crucial? Parents? Peers? Siblings? Teachers? Coaches? Sporting role models? The individual level The individual level of Figueroa’s framework examines why individuals choose to participate in physical activity. The reasons vary from person to person.For many people, the word ‘exercise’ is associated with images of unpleasant, vigorous activity that just makes them dirty, sweaty and uncomfortable. Others see exercise as something they must do to improve fitness or as a normal part of their daily life. For others, exercise is something that they do for enjoyment. While each of the other levels has some bearing, decisions about sport and physical activity are ultimately made by the individual. Genes, values, attitudes and personalities are specific to each individual. This is reflected in differences between family members.

The offence of bad language - Emphasis

The offence of bad language The offence of bad language Finally, a House of Commons report that is a cause for celebration. This is Bad Language: the Use and Abuse of Official Language the result of an investigation into the many ways in which politicians and civil servants may baffle and intimidate readers with their use of jargon-heavy, euphemism-filled waffle. By making such official documents virtually unreadable, the report points out, the public is effectively denied access to political policies that affect them. The committee behind the report are planning to crack down on perpetrators by issuing penalties for instances where poor use of language has damaging results, like a person failing to receive benefits or services they are entitled to. And while their plan is to refer to the offence of bad political language by the rather jargon-y term maladministration, we really cant do anything but applaud these announcements.

Optimum Distribution - Internet Based Socialization Essay

Optimum Distribution - Internet Based Socialization - Essay Example A recent question came to mind in which I asked myself, what all I could do if I was given five thousand dollars to invest. It was really confusing to me to choose the best from the variety of options around me. Profit is a beautiful imagination about every venture, but my concern is all about the orientation of socially organized activities basically meant for the betterment of classified members of the society. In case I had that amount to spend, I would spend it on a project that long cherished in my mind – a social networking system for the differently-abled children of special education schools that are deprived of socializing. â€Å"Socialization enables children to learn what they need to know in order to be integrated into the society in which they live† (Berns, 39). The major implication of this project will be around the mainstreaming of most of the uncared schools privately managed by individuals which are partially aided by non-profit organizations. My propo sal is maintaining a virtual socialization spectrum for the children, which gives them exposure to the world of internet and allied amenities of the present world. In order to meet this purpose, I would regularly meet affluent philanthropists for over six months of time and explain them everything about my plan. The plan would include the development of software with the help of computer professionals for social interaction with all the charitable organizations and the creamy layer members of the society among doctors, contractors or businessmen. This software would be introduced to all major websites and social networking sites through regular advertisements. In the meantime, I would arrange a team of special school education to take sample surveys of requirements of the target groups in various cultures and living standards. The focus would be given to the variables like their age, physical standards, areas of interest and degree of disability.  Based on the information of the surveys, I would design special windows for gaming, chatting and other activities of interaction in the software.     Ã‚  

Business skills Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business skills - Essay Example Therefore setting strategies is among the high priorities that a firm should make. According to Growth Online (n.d.), the strategy in the case of a firm includes market strategy, product and services strategies, and organizational strategies; people Strategies, and financial Strategies. After a firm has spent so much time and resources planning, and formulating strategies, the firm should figure how to implement them. This is because: For these strategies to succeed there are some essential steps to take. First, a firm needs to create an environment that can carry out the strategies successfully, second, allocate enough resources to strategy essential activities, third, create policies that will encourage strategy implementation, fourth, employ the policies, fifth, tie rewards to results, and finally utilizing strategic leadership (Rothwell & Kazanas 2003). Strategies are only applicable in the imperfect completion sort of an environment. When an environment turns perfect, the idea of strategies no longer works since there is free entry, perfect communication and firms deal in same products (Kazmi 2008). Perfect competition provides a standard for measuring the market behavior in terms of price and production (Gale & Sabourian 2005). Each firm in the market is so small that its operations do not affect the prices in the market (Williams n.d ). The market price is standardized due to the many competitors dealing in the same product hence there is no room for a firm to make super-profits (Klein 2007). The firm will operate within the earlier set standards to be able to remain in the market. This makes it hard for individual firms to set their own strategies when they enter in the perfect competitive market (Gale & Sabourian 2005). Perfect competition however is a rare occurrence. The highly probable event is that the market is imperfect allowing room for individual firms to set strategies to enhance profitability. The

Effective Performance Appraisal Essay Example for Free

Effective Performance Appraisal Essay In spite of this fact, however, there are some elements which are common to all effective performance appraisal systems, regardless of the actual method(s) used in the system. These elements will be discussed shortly. However, before examining these common links, a brief overview of performance appraisal as it is currently practised in American organisations is in order. Current Trends in Performance Appraisal As previously noted, controversy over the best performance appraisal system continues. The dilemma was highlighted in the 19 May 1980 issue of Business Week where the editors concluded that managers want a system that will pinpoint specific marginal behaviour that should be reinforced or discontinued, serve as a personnel development tool, provide a realistic assess ­ ment of an employees potential for advancement, and — a particularly hot issue in the 1980s — stand up in court as a valid defence in discrimination suits. Has the search for a best system affected what companies actually do in performance appraisal? A study conducted by Taylor and Zawacki[2] in 1981 set out to answer this question y sending a mail questionnaire to 200 firms located throughout the United States — these companies were selected at random from the Fortune 1000. Eighty-four (42 per cent) were returned and used in the study. The size of respondent firms ranged from less than 1,000 employees (nine), 1,000-5,000 employees (63), and more than 5,000 employees (12). Non-respondent firms did not vary significantly in terms of size. This study, which duplicated a previous one conducted in 1976, asked what kind of performance appraisal system was used for management and blue-collar employees. It also asked for the interval between ratings, productivity and employee reaction to the appraisal system, anticipated changes and respondent satisfaction to the present system. While it is not possible to go into all the detailed findings of this study, some of the most pertinent information is summarised below. ? While in 1976 43 per cent of the respondent firms had used a traditional performance appraisal system (e. g. , forced distribution) and 57 per cent had used a collaborative system (e. g. , MBO), in 1981 these figures had changed to 53 per cent and 47 per cent respectively. In other words, the proportion of companies using a traditional approach to performance appraisal had increased while the proportion of those using a collaborative approach had decreased. Several respondents provided written comments stating that they had changed to quantitative (i. e. traditional) systems in recent years in reaction to legal challenges to their previous collaborative system. In 1981, 39 of the 41 organisations using a traditional system used a graphic rating scale. Of the collaborative forms, 23 firms used MBO and 11 used a BARS system. The percentage of firms not satisfied with their current appraisal system increased from only nine per cent in 1976 to 47 per cent in 1981. In addition, those with collaborative systems were more likely to be satisfied, while the majority of firms with traditional systems expressed dissatisfaction. As far as the effect of the type of system used on employee attitudes went, 37 per cent of the ? IMDS January/February 1988 13 ? companies using a traditional approach felt that it had improved employee attitudes while 63 per cent felt it had not. Of those companies using a collaborative approach, 77 per cent felt it had improved employee attitudes and 23 per cent felt it had not. ? Of the 22 firms indicating that they anticipated changing their performance appraisal system in the near future, 12 were moving from a collaborative system to a traditional system. This is especially interesting in light of the fact that, in the 1976 study, the majority of firms indicating that they were considering a change said that the move would be from a traditional to a collaborative approach. While the 1981 study did not delve into the reasons behind this shift in attitude, Taylor and Zawacki conjectured that it was due to governmental and legal pressures for precise (i. e. , quantitative) measures which overwhelmed a desire to help people develop and grow towards becoming more effective employees. Of the firms surveyed, 49 per cent felt that their performance appraisal system had improved employee performance (roughly the same proportion found in 1976). However, the number of firms that did not believe employee performance had improved as a result of the appraisal process had gone from four per cent in 1976 to 19 per cent in 1981 — and none of these firms anticipated changing their system! (5) The appraiser should be given feedback regarding his/her effectiveness in the performance appraisal process. (6) The performance appraisal system, regardless of the methodology employed, must comply with legal requirements (notably, Equal Employment Opportunities guidelines). Since the factors listed above are consistently highlighted in the literature as essential elements of an effective performance appraisal system, each of them warrants individual attention. Performance Goals Must Be Clearly and Specifically Defined Special emphasis should be placed on this phase of performance appraisal, since the lack of specifically defined performance goals will undoubtedly undermine the effectiveness of the entire performance appraisal process. The key performance areas need to be identified, assigned priorities and stated in quantifiable terms whenever possible. The mutual goal-setting process between a manager and subordinate associated with Management by Objectives is a particularly beneficial way to foster acceptance and internal motivation on the part of the employee[3]. As is often the case, if multiple goals are established, they should be ranked so that the employee has a clear understanding of which areas may warrant more attention and resources than others. Furthermore, every attempt should be made to describe performance goals in terms of their time, quality, quantity, and monetary dimensions. This will reduce the opportunity for misinterpretation about what is to be accomplished and what limitations there are. The quantification of goals will also make it easier for the manager and the employee to measure the employees progress towards achieving the objectives. The need for quantifying objectives is succinctly summed up by George Ordione: If you cant count it, measure it, or describe it, you probably dont know what you want and can often forget it as a goal. There is still too much, do your best, or Ill let you know when its right, going around in todays organisations. If you cant define the desired type and level of performance in detail, then you have no right to expect your subordinate to achieve it. [4] ? To summarise, it would appear that while most firms wish to use a collaborative form of performance appraisal, they feel thwarted by outside forces (notably Equal Employment Opportunities requirements) in their attempts to implement such a system within their organisations. The dilemma, then, is finding a workable solution which will meet both constraints. The remainder of this article will take a look at these two seemingly conflicting areas (effectiveness vs. efensiveness) and how they can be integrated into a meaningful performance appraisal system. Elements of an Effective Performance Appraisal System While various authors use different names and modified descriptions for them, the following factors seem to be universally accepted by most authorities on the subjects as requisites for an effective performance appraisal system: (1) Performan ce goals must be specifically and clearly defined. (2) Attention must be paid to identifying, in specific and measurable terms, what constitutes the varying levels of performance. 3) To be effective, performance appraisal programmes should tie personal rewards to organisational performance. (4) The supervisor and employee should jointly identify ways to improve the employees performance, and then establish a development plan to help the employee achieve his/her goals. The Varying Levels of Performance While setting performance goals is a crucial first step in the process, managers also need to concentrate more attention on identifying what constitutes the varying levels of performance. If the organisation uses the typical poor, fair, good, very good and excellent scale of performance, the manager has a responsibility to identify at the beginning what levels of performance will produce a very good or excellent rating. However, setting specific goals for organisational performance is not enough — managers also need to relate performance to the individuals rewards. Agreeing on what is to be accomplished and what varying levels of performance represent in terms of evaluation and rewards is crucial for the performance appraisal process to be effective[5]. Since the first two steps of this process (i. e. , defining performance goals and setting performance standards) IMDS January/February 1988 14 are closely connected, an example of how these steps might be achieved is warranted. A prerequisite for setting performance goals is to establish job tasks. To measure performance realistically, objectively and productively, we must base our reviews on job content rather that job constructs. Constructs are broad, often self-evident terms which describe a general task, activity or requirement. Richards refers to them as garbage words in terms of their usefulness as performance standards). An example might be communication skills. While few would argue the need for skills in communication for many employees, the problem is how to define the term in light of the requirements of the specific job in question. Will the employee be required to: ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Write memos? Write letters? Conduct interviews? Deliver public speeches? Present pr oposals to clients? Describe features and benefits of a product? Resolve face-to-face conflicts? Handle customer complaints? Write job descriptions? Describe and define job standards? Manage meetings? Present ideas to top management? Initiative: Resourceful in taking necessary or appropriate action on own responsibility. Unsatisfactory Poor A routine Often waits unnecessarily worker; usually for direction. waits to be told what to do, requiring constant direction. Satisfactory Good Excellent Seeks and gets added tasks for self; highly selfreliant. Assumes responsibility. Does regular Resourceful; work without alert to waiting for opportunities directions. or Follows improvement directions with of work. little follow-up Volunteers suggestions. Table I. drinks per bottle, etc. In turn, these indicators should be broken down into measurable standards, as shown in Table II. As shown, when identifying what constitutes the varying levels of performance, we need to decide what we can expect in terms of outstanding performance, what is satisfactory and what is the minimum level of perfo rmance we can tolerate. One could argue that these are subjective determinations, and this is of course true. What is important, however, is that once these determinations have been made, performance can be measured objectively against the standard. It is important to keep in mind that standards should be set based on what we require or need in the performance of a job and not on our assessment of a specific individuals ability to do the job. Unless we specify the behaviour we want in the context of job content requirements, it will be near impossible objectively to measure someones performance under the generic construct of communication. We must determine the sort of communicating the job requires of the employee. Some organisations attempt to aid supervisors by providing rating scales which are anchored to descriptions of performance (i. e. , the BARS approach), such as the one shown in Table I. While this type of scale is certainly a vast improvement over those that offer no anchors (rating descriptions) at all, we could still argue over the ratings. The standards are subjective and unmeasurable, both undesirable traits in any performance appraisal system. To overcome these problems, the job should be broken down into responsibilities, with a series of performance indicators provided for each responsibility. In turn, these indicators should be accompanied by objective and measurable performance standards. An example will help illustrate the process. A bartenders job can be broken down into several responsibilities, including mixing drinks, cost control, inventory control, house keeping, safety, law enforcement, supervision, customer relations, etc. In turn, each of these responsibility areas can be broken down into several performance indicators. For example, performance indicators of the job responsibility mixing drinks might include complaints, returns, brands used, appearance, speed, number of Personal Rewards and Organisational Performance To be truly effective, performance appraisal programmes should tie personal rewards to organisational performance. Too many reward systems are based on time on the job, are divided evenly among employees, or offer too little incentive to increase motivation significantly. As noted by Harper[3], performance appraisal systems need to be designed with the three Es of motivation in mind. The first E refers to the exchange theory, which states that people tend to contribute to the organisations objectives as long as they believe they will be rewarded. The second E refers to the equity theory, which states that motivation is tied to the relative, rather than the absolute, size of the reward. For example, if person A does 25 per cent better than person B, but gets only five per cent more in a merit increase, then person A is likely to feel that management has actually punished him or her for doing noticeably better than person B. The third E is the expectancy theory of motivation, which asserts that motivation is a combination of the persons perceived probability (expectancy) of receiving a reward and the worth of the reward. Even when the reward is great, motivation may in fact be quite low if the employee does not believe that he or she has a reasonable chance of achieving the necessary level of performance to get the reward. Conversely, if the employee believes that the probability of receiving the reward is high, there will be little motivation if he or she does not need or value the reward. IMDS January/February 1988 15 Job: Bartender Job responsibilities Mix drinks, etc. Indicators Complaints Returns Measurements used (recipe) Brands used Appearance Time No. of drinks per bottle, etc. feedback to managers about the quality of their performance appraisal ratings would seem to have several advantages: ? ? It is relatively inexpensive and easy to develop and implement. The feedback is based on ratings made by each manager as part of the formal performance appraisal process. This enables the feedback to be tailored to the individual. The feedback can provide managers with a basis upon which to compare their ratings with those made by other managers. This normative type of feedback is rarely available to managers; as a result, there is very little information upon which they can evaluate how lenient or strict they are. A feedback system should help to ensure comparability of ratings among managers, which in turn may increase employee satisfaction with the appraisal process. That is, employees are more likely to perceive that their performance has been evaluated equitably since managers are using the same standards when evaluating performance. ? Job: Bartender Standards Job responsibilities Mix drinks Indicators Minimum Complaints 4/week Satisfactory 2/week Outstanding 0 ? Table II. In summary, then, for a performance appraisal programme to be successful in this area, it must: (1) Tie rewards to performance (2) Offer a high enough level of reward (3) Have the level of reward reflect the relative differences in the various levels of performance (4) Tailor the rewards to the needs and desires of individual employees. Development Plans Ideally, the performance appraisal programme should be comprised of two separate sessions between the manager and the employee. In the first session the manager and employee review the level of performance from the previous period — what went well, what did not, and why. This session also identifies the employees strengths as well as the areas that need to be improved. The manager then encourages the employee to prepare a development plan to be discussed at the second meeting. The development plan is intended to identify areas that should be improved upon during the coming period. The subordinate should be encouraged to: (1) Concentrate on those areas that will affect results (2) Select three or four particular areas for improvement rather than an unrealistic and unmanageable number (3) Set improvement goals that are specific and measurable[6]. Whatever the end result happens to be, the employee needs to be the principal author (although the manager should offer help and suggestions) since people tend to be more motivated to accept and implement a plan of their own making. IMDS January/February 1988 16 Indications of the usefulness of such a feedback system were documented in a study by Davis and Mount[7] in which managers were provided feedback vis a vis the ratings they gave to employees. In response to a questionnaire distributed one week after they had received feedback regarding the quality of their performance ratings, 79 per cent of the managers indicated they were either satisfied (seven per cent) or very satisfied (72 per cent) with the feedback; 93 per cent said they considered it when making subsequent performance evaluations; 70 per cent said it influenced their ratings either appreciably (47 per cent) or substantially (23 per cent), and 79 per cent said the feedback had utility for making managers ratings more comparable. The test results from this study indicated that the feedback also significantly reduced the presence of leniency error (the tendency to skew the rating distribution towards the higher rating categories) in the managers ratings. This is significant from an organisational perspective because of the multiple uses of performance ratings in organisations. Often, performance ratings are the criterion on which selection tests are validated and often provide the basis on which merit pay increases are determined. According to Davis and Mount, improving the psychometric quality of the ratings may enable the tests to be validated more effectively and provide a more equitable method for distributing pay increases — an important consideration, as previously discussed. Conforming to Guidelines Obviously, in addition to the other factors which have already been discussed, another practical consideration which must be taken into account is that any performance appraisal system, regardless of the methods employed, must comply with all Equal Employment Opportunity guidelines. While a complete discussion of this important area is beyond the scope Feedback Regarding Effectiveness It is surprising how infrequently organisations provide their managers with information about their performance appraisal ratings. However, providing of this article, the Uniform Guidelines on Employee Selection Procedures, put together by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) and several other agencies in 1978, deserve special mention. These procedures were meant to clarify the exact requirements which appraisal and other selection systems must meet, and include the following points: (1) To continue using an appraisal system that has adversely affected one or more protected groups, the company must demonstrate that the system is valid, that it is job related, and that it accurately measures significant aspects of job performance. (2) The company must establish that there is no other available method of achieving the same necessary business purpose that would be less discriminatory in its effects, and none can be developed. According to the courts, the plaintiff (employee), rather than the defendant (company) must show the availability of the alternatives. The EEOC has told employers what they cannot do, but it has not provided them with definitive guidelines for solving the performance appraisal puzzle. However, some help in this regard was provided in the Autumn, 1980 issue of EEO Today[8]. (1) Base your appraisal on a comprehensive job analysis. EEOC guidelines dictate that you measure job performance against specific, clearly defined standards of performance. The performance you appraise, says the EEOC, must represent major critical work behaviours as revealed by a careful job analysis. Without a clear, written statement of job responsibilities, you increase your risk of EEO liability. (7) Submit the appraisal to several reviewers, especially if it is negative. To prevent conscious or unconscious bias from creeping into the appraisal process, develop a multilevel review system. Have your superior review and sign the appraisal. This system of checks and balances will reduce the risk of losing a court action. Final Comment As can be seen from the foregoing discussion, an effective performance appraisal system involves much more than a mere annual or biennial evaluation of an employees past performance. Nonetheless, astute managers are becoming increasingly aware of the value of their human resources, viewing them as an investment rather than merely an expense or overhead to be minimised. Accordingly, many organisations are taking the time and effort necessary to develop an effective performance appraisal system in order to help their people achieve their personal goals, which in turn allows the organisation to meet its own objectives[9]. Unfortunately, many managers still object that they just do not have the time to make performance review and development an ongoing process. However, if management is defined as the ability to get things done through people, and if we accept the fact that an effective performance evaluation process helps in getting the most important and productive things accomplished, then what else should managers spend their time doing? References 1. Fletcher, C. , Whats New in Performance Appraisal? , Personnel Management, February 1984, pp. 20-2. 2. Taylor, R. L. and Zawacki, R. A. Trends in Performance Appraisal: Guidelines for Managers, Personnel Administrator, March 1984, pp. 71-80. (2) Know the details of your companys 3. Harper, S. C. , A Development Approach to Performance nondiscriminatory policies. You and every other Appraisal, Business Horizons, September-October 1983, pp. manager in the company should aim for the 68-74. uniform application of all appraisal guidelines. 4. Mellenhoff, H ow to Measure Work by Professionals, Management Review, November 1977, pp. 39-43. (3) Avoid subjective criteria. According to the Albemarle Paper Co. v. Moody decision, subjective 5. Richards, R. C. , How to Design an Objective PerformanceEvaluation System, Training, March 1984, pp. 38-43. supervisory appraisals of job performance are 6. Kellogg, M. S. , What to do About Performance Appraisal, inherently suspect if they produce adverse impact American Management Association, New York, 1975. against a protected group. To stand up to the 7. Davis, B. L. and Mount, M. K. , Design and Use of a scrutiny of the courts, these judgements must Performance Appraisal Feedback System, Personnel be considered fair and job-related. Administrator, March 1984, pp. 1-7. 8. Block, J. R. , Performance Appraisal on the Job: Making it (4) Document! Keep records. That is the only way Work, Prentice-Hall, Inc. , Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1981. you can support whatever subjective judge ­ 9. Butler, R. J. and Yorks, L. , A New Appraisal System as ments creep into the appraisal process. (They Organizational Change: GEs Task Force Approach, are inevitabl e. ) Personnel, January-February 1984, pp. 31-42. (5) Aim for a group of appraisers who have common demographic characteristics with the group being appraised. This criterion was established in Rowe v. General Motors. When only white males appraise blacks, Hispanics, women and other protected groups, the courts question the fairness of the. system. Once a system is challenged and shown to have adverse impact, the company must prove its validity. (6) Never directly or indirectly imply that race, colour, religion, sex, age, national origin, handicap, or veteran status was a factor in your appraisal decision. Making any disciminatory statement, orally or in writing, will make your organisation subject to court action. Additional Reading Kaye, B. L. and Krantz, S. , Preparing Employees: The Missing Link in Performance Appraisal Training, Personnel, May-June 1982, pp. 23-9. Performance Appraisal: Curre. Practices and Techniques, Personnel, May-June 1984, pp. 5799. Heneman, R. L. and Wexley, K. W. , The Effects of Time Delay in Rating and Amount of Information Observed on Performance Rating Accuracy, Academy of Management Journal, December 1983, pp. 677-86. The Trouble with Performance Appraisal, Training, April 1984, pp. 91-2. Gehrman, D B. , Beyond Todays Compensation and Performance Appraisal Systems, Personnel Administrator, March 1984, pp. 21-33. IMDS January/February 1988 17